1. Relationships between ideas -1 • Parallel structure: the use of a conjunction to connect words/phrases that have the same grammatical function in a sentence – and, but, or, nor • Noun + and + noun: Steve and his friend are coming to dinner. • Verb + and + verb: Susan raised her hands and snapped her fingers.

2. Relationships between ideas - 1 • Adjective + but + adjective: These shoes are old but comfortable. • Infinitive + or + infinitive: He wants to watch TV or to listen to some music. • A parallel structure may contain more than two parts: Steve, Joe and Alice are coming to dinner.

3. Relationships between ideas - 1 • Paired conjunctions: both…and; not only…but also; either…or; neither…nor • Two subjects connected by both…and take a plural verb: Both my mother and my sister are here. • Two subjects connected by not only…butalso, either…or, neither…nor can take a singular or plural verb, depending on the subject that is closerto the verb

4. Relationships between ideas - 1 • Not only my mother but alsomy sister is here. • Not only my sister but alsomy parents are here. • Neither my mother normy sister is here. • Neither my sister normy parents are here. • These conjunctions must be used with parallel parts of speech: not only + verb + but also + verb(Yesterday it not only rainedbut (also)snowed). • Neither + adjective + nor + adjective(That book is neither interesting nor accurate).

5. Relationships between ideas - 1 • Adverb clauses = dependent clauses (cannot stand alone in a sentence). It must be connected to an independent clause. • Summary list of words used to introduce adverb clauses ( after, before, because, since, although, while, etc) can be read on page 297, Azar, Understanding and Using English Grammar, 2nd edition.