Module A-1 Overview

Module A-1 Overview

Overview • How small is nano? • What is the history of nanotechnology? • What is the definition of nanotechnology? • Why being small is such a big deal? • What kinds of nanoproducts are already on the market? • What Events Have Driven the Development of Nanotechnology?

What is Nanotechnology? WHAT DOES NANO SCALE MEAN TO YOU?

What is Nanotechnology? • How small is nano? • What is the history of nanotechnology? • What is the definition of nanotechnology? • Why being small is such a big deal? • What kinds of nanoproducts are already on the market? • What events have driven the development of nanotechnology

How Small is Nanometer? 1 nm = 10-9 meter

How Small is Nanometer?

Fantastic Voyage • In the 1996 movie, Fantastic Voyage, a medical team was miniaturized and injected into the body of an ailing scientist. • Your red blood cells are about 7 microns, and DNA about 2 nm. • In PhD thesis, Einstein estimated size of sugar molecule to be about one nanometer. • One hydrogen atom has diameter of 0.1 nm

Natural chains of magnetic nano-crystals in bacteria Dunin-Borkowski Science (98) History of Nanotechnology Some have argued that nanoscience started billions year ago, whenthe first living cells emerge. Cells house nanoscale biomachines perform such tasks as manipulating genetic materials and supplying energy.

Nanoscale gold and silver particles Depending on their sizes, the gold and silver nanoparticles make the stained glass red, orange, purple, green, or blue. Mark Ratner, Northwestern U.

The Lycurgus Cup When illuminated from outside, it appears green. However, when Illuminated from within the cup, it glows red. Red color is due to very small amounts of gold powder (about 40 parts per million) --British Museum; 4th century A. D.)

Lycurgus Cup When illuminated from within, the Lycurgus cup glows red. The red color is due to tiny gold particles embedd-ed in the glass, which have an absorption peak at around 520 nm British Museum; 4th century A. D.

“There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” Most, however, consider Richard Feynman’s famed talk in1959 as a historical moment for nanoscale science and technology • The accuracy of Feynman’s vision is breath-taking. A few of his predictions include: • electron and ion beam fabrication, • molecular beam epitaxy, • nanoimprint lithography, • scanning tunneling microscopy, • single electron transistors, • spin electronics, and • nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). • To read the entire Feynman’s classic paper, please Click

The Drexler Vision • In Engines of Creation. K. Eric Drexler, 1986, extended Feynman’s vision. • “Molecular assemblers will bring a revolution without parallel … can help life spread beyond Earth …” • “These revolutions will bring dangers and opportunities too vast for the human imagination to grasp …” • These ideas are the source of controversies. • Nobelist Smalley and Drexler debate molecular manufacturing. • Drexler’s forecasts trouble Bill Joy of Sun Microsystems

Nanoscale Science and Technology Emerge • Nanotechnology operates at new scale. • “Nanotechnology” coined by Tokyo University Professor Norio Taniguchi in 1974. • Objects are so small that their properties lie between classical and quantum physics. • Development of nanoscale science and technology were accelerated by several significant scientific accomplishments exemplified by their Nobel prizes.

00 Chemistry 96 Chemistry 56 Physics 86 Physics 97 chemistry Genesis of Nanotechnology (Mitre 96)

Nanotechnology is about: • Nanoscience and nanotechnology refer to research and development at the atomic, molecular, or macromolecular levels, at a scale of about 1 – 100 nm, • providing a fundamental understanding of • phenomena and materials at this scale and • creating and using structures, devices and systems • that have novel properties and functions because of their small size.

Why Being Small Is Such A Deal? • The advances of STM measuring sciences • It started with the computing industry • Small means cheap, fast, and very large economic impacts.

What’s New about Nano? • New material properties at nanoscale • Dominance of interfaces and GBs in the materials behavior • Biomimetics aided by Atomic Force Microscopy

Nanocrystals – Quantum Dots

Small is …..Different! Five different quantum-dot (QD) solutions are exited with the same wavelength UV lamp; the size of the QD determines the energy band structures, and thus its color.

Direct Bandgap vs. Indirect Bandgap

Luminescence in Nanosilicon • Size-dependent discrete optical transitions for direct band-gap semiconductors (e.g., CdSe and InAs ) are well known. • Si, as an indirect band-gap semiconductor, shows strong luminescence. Luminescent Si nanocrystals excited at 320 nm in hexane: (A) 15 Å diameter Si nanocrystals and (B) 25-40 Å diameter nanocrystals.

Electronics and Computing • Processors with declining energy use and cost per gate, thus increasing efficiency of computer by 106 • Small mass storage devices: multi-tera bit levels • Integration of logic, memory and sensing • Higher transmission frequencies and more efficient utilization of optical spectrum to provide at least 106 times the bandwidth existed at the present time. • Integration of IT network, communication, sensing, Ex: intelli-gent appliance • Display technologies • Quantum computing

Health care and Medicine • Expanding ability to characterize genetic makeup will revolutionize the specificity of diagnostics and therapeutics • Nanodevices can make gene sequencing more efficient • Effective and less expensive health care using remote and in-vivo devices • New formulations and routes for drug delivery, optimal drug usage • More durable, rejection-resistant artificial tissues and organs • Sensors for early detection and prevention Nanotube-based biosensor for cancer diagnostics

Materials and Manufacturing • Ability to synthesize nanoscale building blocks with control on size, composition etc. -- leads to further assembling into larger structures with designed properties -- will revolutionize materials and manufacturing • Manufacturing metals, ceramics, polymers, etc. at exact shapes without machining • Lighter, stronger and program- mable materials • Lower failure rates and reduced • life-cycle costs • Bio-inspired materials • Multifunctional, adaptive materials • Self-healing materials

Energy Production and Utilization • Energy Production • Clean, less expensive sources enabled by novel nanomaterials and processes • Improved solar cells • In-situ refinery and gasoline out of well • Energy Utilization • High efficiency and durable home and • industrial lighting • Solid state lighting can reduce total electricity consumption by 10% and cut carbon emission by the equivalent of 28 million tons/year (Source: Al Romig, Sandia Lab)

Environment • Nanomaterials have a large surface area. For example, single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) show ~ 1600 m2/g. This is equivalent to the size of a football field for only 4 gms CNTs. The large surface area enables: • Large adsorption rates of various gases/ vapors • Separation of pollutants • Catalyst support for conversion reactions • Waste remediation • Filters and Membranes • Removal of contaminants from water • Desalination • Reducing auto emissions, NOx conversion • Rational design of catalysts

Transportation • More efficient catalytic converters • Thermal barrier and wear resistant coatings • Battery, fuel cells • Improved displays • High temperature sensors for ‘under the hood’; novel sensors for “all-electric” vehicles • High strength, light weight composites for increasing fuel efficiency

National Security • Improved collection, transmission, protection of information • Very high sensitivity, low power sensors for detecting chemical/bio/nuclear threats • Light weight military platforms, without sacrificing functionality, safety and soldier security • Reduce fuel needs and logistical requirements • Reduce carry-on weight of soldier gear • Increased functionality per unit weight

Examples of Nanoproducts on Market

Nanodot Lasers

Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) Storage

New Catalysis

New Materials – UV Protection

New Materials -- Biomarkers

Information Technology Optical communication and computing are both enabling technologies

Toward an All Silicon Vision

Increasing Silicon Over Time

Hybrid silicon laser die containing hundreds of hybrid silicon lasers. World's First Hybrid Silicon Laser Curtsy of UCSB September,2006

Seeing Small things • Optical microscopes use light to see objects as small as 200 nm. • Invented in 1600s. • Electron microscopes use beams of electrons to see through objects as small as 0.1 nm. • Produces 2D image. • Requires objects be in a vacuum. • Invented in 1931.

Seeing Small Things • Scanning probe microscope (SPM) sense very small objects (0.2nm) • Produce 3D image – sense heights • Does not require vacuum. • Can move molecules around. • Invented in 1981. • Led to an explosion in nanotechnology research.

Electron Microscopy

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

New Tools for Atomic-Scale Studies Carbon Nanotubes Showing Hexagonal Carbon structures Atomic Force Microscopy

Yoo et al, Science (97) Images of movement of electrons and holes through a semi-conductor substrate Tools of Nanotechnology Development of STM-related techniques greatly accelerates the progress of nanotechnology Bright spotselectrons, dark spots holes.

Module A-1 Overview