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Oral Cavity and Pharynx

Oral Cavity and Pharynx. Prof. K. Sivapalan. Salivary Glands. Parotid – Serous [25 %] Sub Maxillary – Mixed [70 %] Sub Lingual, Buccal – mucus. [5 %] Basal secretion – 0.25 ml / min, 1500 ml/day. pH- 7 at rest, 8 active secretion. Buffers: bicarbonate, phosphate, mucin.

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Oral Cavity and Pharynx

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  1. Oral Cavity and Pharynx Prof. K. Sivapalan.

  2. Salivary Glands • Parotid – Serous [25 %] • Sub Maxillary – Mixed [70 %] • Sub Lingual, Buccal – mucus. [5 %] • Basal secretion – 0.25 ml / min, 1500 ml/day. Oral Cavity and Pharynx

  3. pH- 7 at rest, 8 active secretion. Buffers: bicarbonate, phosphate, mucin. Enzymes: Lingual lipase – glands on tongue. Salivary amylase. Mucins [Glycoproteins] IgA. Lyzozyme Lactoferrin – binds Fe and bacteriostatic. Proline rich proteins – protect enamel and bind toxic substances. Na+, K+, Cl-, and HCO3- equal to plasma at high flow. Low Na+ and high K+ at rest. Exchange controlled by aldosteron. Contents of Saliva Oral Cavity and Pharynx

  4. Functions of saliva. • Moistening and Lubrication • speech, mastication, deglutition. • Facilitating sense of Taste. • Maintaining Oral hygiene • Lyzozyme, IgA, enzymes, flow. • Protection of teeth – enzymes, pH, Ca. • [Causes of Dental caries.] • Neutralization of gastric acid. Oral Cavity and Pharynx

  5. Control of Salivary Secretion. • Stimuli: • Higher centers [thought, sight, smell- conditioned reflex] • Touch- smooth objects [most] • Taste- bitter [most] • Stomach- irritation • Afferents • Centre- salivary nucleus. • Efferent- Parasympathetic. • Sympathetic activity- inhibition [dry mouth in excitement] Oral Cavity and Pharynx

  6. Mastication • Force at the incisors is 55 pounds and molars is 200 pounds. • Purpose: increase surface area for enzyme action and facilitate movement through GIT [differences between processed and naturally occurring food] • Voluntary action but Chewing reflex occurs. • Chewing movements can be produced by stimulating: • Reticular formation of hind brain • Hypothalamus • Amygdaloid nuclei • Cerebral cortex near area for taste and smell Oral Cavity and Pharynx

  7. Oral Cavity and Pharynx

  8. Oral Cavity and Pharynx

  9. Oral Cavity and Pharynx

  10. Deglutition • Voluntary Stage • food pressed against pharynx • Pharyngeal stage • Afferents[5,9,10 CN] to deglutition centre, Efferents [5,9,10,12] • Soft palate- close nasopharynx • Palato-pharyngial folds- slit • Larynx pulled up, vocal cord close, epiglottis fold back. • pharyngeal muscles initiate peristalsis • Upper and lower esophageal sphincters relax • Food falls due to gravity before peristalsis reaches stomach when erect. Oral Cavity and Pharynx

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