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Soil Formation and Morphology Basics

Soil Formation and Morphology Basics. Processes. Additions Losses Translocations Transformations. Pedogenesis : The process of soil formation as the result of the combination of soil forming factors leading to addition, loss, transformation and translocation of materials.

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Soil Formation and Morphology Basics

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  1. Soil Formation and Morphology Basics

  2. Processes Additions Losses Translocations Transformations

  3. Pedogenesis: The process of soil formation as the result of the combination of soil forming factors leading to addition, loss, transformation and translocation of materials

  4. Soil Forming Factors

  5. Soil Forming Factors Climate Organisms Relief Parent Material Time

  6. Climate Climate involves both local (microclimatic) and global (macroclimatic) considerations. The key components of climate in soil formation are moisture and temperature. Temperature speeds reactions Water promotes translocation

  7. Organisms The soil and the organisms living on and in it comprise an ecosystem. The active components of the soil ecosystem are the vegetation, fauna, including microorganisms, and man.

  8. Organisms: Vegetation Pineland Grassland Forest

  9. Organisms: Meso-/Macrofauna Earthworms Termites Ants Beetles Arthropods Rabbits Moles

  10. Organisms: microorganisms Bacteria Virus Algae Fungi Actinomycetes protozoa

  11. Relief/Topography

  12. Parent Material in situ weathering of consolidated rock superficial deposits, which may have been transported by ice, water, wind or gravity organic sediments

  13. Time Time acts on soil formation in two ways:

  14. Bedrock Soil as a Natural Body Differentiation Parent Material Additions Losses Translocations Transformations Bedrock

  15. Soil Horizons Roughly parallel layers in the soil with varying composition and properties

  16. The Essentials of Soils Soil Profile– 2D representation of a vertical section of soil from the surface to its deepest layers or horizons. Soil Profile

  17. Soil Horizons

  18. Soil Horizons Roughly parallel layers in the soil with varying composition and properties

  19. Definitions: Eluviation: the loss of materials including clays, organic matter, oxides of Fe and Al. Illuviation: accumulation of materials resulting from eluvial horizons.

  20. Master Horizons [ A horizon

  21. The A Horizon A horizon • topsoil/plow layer. • Accumulates organic material • Often darker than soil below. • high in plant roots, biotic activity • Zone of gas and water exchange A horizon

  22. Master Horizons A horizon E horizon

  23. The E horizon - Zone of Eluviation A horizon Elluviation = exit Illuviation = into E horizon (Elluvial) • Organic matter • Clay • Carbonates • Fe, Al oxides • color (Illuvial)

  24. Master Horizons A horizon E horizon [ B horizon

  25. The B Horizon • Accumulates material lost from above, or forms in place. • (translocation, transformation) • Zone of Illuviation (translocation). - Maximum expression of soil development. • clays, O.M., Fe/Al • soil structure • Strong color development • Potentially high reactivity B horizon

  26. Master Horizons A horizon E horizon B horizon [ C horizon

  27. The C horizon -Weakly altered by soil forming processes. -Closely resembles parent material C horizon

  28. Master Horizons A horizon E horizon B horizon C horizon R Horizon Florida?

  29. The R Horizon R horizon limestone

  30. O Horizon

  31. The O Horizon • Surface Horizon • Organic horizon • Very high in organic matter • Usually dark-colored • Often called peat, muck • Some are very fertile, valuable • In some countries, O horizon used as fuel.

  32. Master Horizons

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