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An Overview of Animal Kingdom Phyla: Symmetry, Tissues, and Body Plans

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This resource provides insights into the major phyla of the animal kingdom, focusing on their defining characteristics such as symmetry and tissue structure. It describes the differences between invertebrates and vertebrates, the evolutionary significance of bilateral and radial symmetry, and the presence of distinct body cavities. Additionally, it highlights the specialization of various animal tissues and their functions. Understanding these foundational elements is key to studying the diversity and adaptability of animals in the natural world.

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An Overview of Animal Kingdom Phyla: Symmetry, Tissues, and Body Plans

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  1. Animals • Heterotrophic • Multi-cellular • Move at some point • No cell walls • Mostly reproduce sexually • Rapidly respond to external stimuli

  2. An Evolutionary Tree of Some Major Animal Phyla Fig. 23-1

  3. Most animals have tissues • Tissues are groups of similar cells that carry out a specific function (e.g., muscle) • Sponges are the only modern-day animals that lack tissues

  4. Symmetry • Animals with tissues exhibit either radial or bilateral symmetry Bilateral symmetry Radial symmetry Asymmetry http://www.misterteacher.com/orange%20and%20black%20butterfly.jpg http://www.hope.edu/academic/art/past/VanderBurgh/mapleave.rose2.jpg http://daphne.palomar.edu/design/asymm/jd01asym.jpg

  5. Symmetry • Radial symmetrical animals have two embryonic tissue (germ) layers • Ectoderm, which is an outer layer that covers the body, lines its inner cavities, and forms the nervous system • Endoderm, which is an inner layer that lines most hollow organs • Bilaterally symmetrical animals have three embryonic tissue (germ) layers • A layer of mesoderm between the ectoderm and endoderm forms muscles, and the circulatory and skeletal systems

  6. Bilateral Symmetry • Bilaterally symmetrical animals have heads • Exhibit cephalization, the concentration of sensory organs and a brain in a well-defined head, with definite anterior (head) and posterior (which may feature a tail) regions

  7. Body Symmetry and Cephalization central axis anterior plane of symmetry plane of symmetry posterior (a) Radial symmetry (b) Bilateral symmetry Fig. 23-2

  8. Bilateral Symmetry • Most bilateral animals have body cavities • Fluid-filled cavities between the digestive tube and the outer body wall • Many functions • Can act as a skeleton, providing support for the body and a framework against which muscles can act • Can form a protective buffer between the internal organs and the outside world • Can allow organs to move independently of the body wall

  9. Major Animal Phyla • Animals probably originated from ancestral colonial protists • Present day biologists recognize about 27 phyla of animals • Most animals are invertebrates • Less than 3% of all known animals are vertebrates

  10. Animals • Can be invertebrates or vertebrates • What’s the difference? Invertebrates vs. Vertebrates * No vertebral column * Vertebral column * Often have exoskeletons * Endoskeletons

  11. Invertebrates http://www.sunrise-divers.com/photos/day_trip/photos/nudibranch.jpg

  12. PHYLUM PORIFERATHE SPONGES http://www.richard-seaman.com/Underwater/Belize/StillLifes/TubeSpongesThreeOrange.jpg

  13. Cnidaria http://www.biology4kids.com/misc/photos/cnidaria1.jpg

  14. Cnidaria– Polyp body form http://www.sydneyaquarium.com.au/Downloads/INT/Wallpaper_1024x768_WaratahAnemone.jpg

  15. Platyhelminthes - flatworms Planaria http://www.luc.edu/faculty/jreymon/biolab/planaria.jpg

  16. Marine Flatworms http://members.aol.com/uwphotohi/Images/flatworm.JPG http://www.crazyscuba.com/misc_images/RIMG0121FlatwormCrop.jpg

  17. Nematoda - roundworms http://collections.ic.gc.ca/potato/scitech/nematodes.jpg

  18. Nematoda:Heartworm http://www.greatlakesbcrescue.org/HealthNTraining/heartworms.JPG http://www.dukkha.org/images/heartworm.jpg

  19. Mollusca http://www.wallpaperbase.com/wallpapers/animals/snail/snail_1.jpg http://students.umf.maine.edu/~hustontf/squid.jpg

  20. Annelida – segmented worms http://www.abc.net.au/reslib/200704/r138958_475480.jpg http://www.york.ac.uk/org/ciec/CaringfortheEnvironment.29.4.03/Exxon/Food%20Chain%20images/ExxonPicsLarge/Earthworms.jpg

  21. Bristle Worm http://i30.photobucket.com/albums/c317/greenbaja73/Bristle_worm.jpg

  22. Arthropoda http://xyala.cap.ed.ac.uk/NeglectedGenomes/ARTHROPODA/images/AMC.jpg http://flatrock.org.nz/topics/animals/assets/black_widow_spider.jpg

  23. http://dereila.ca/dereilaimages/sowbugs.jpg

  24. Arthropoda - CLASS DIPLOPODA GIANT MILLIPEDE http://umdgrb.umd.edu/pretz/images/millipede8.jpg

  25. Echinodermata http://brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/2006-07/06-052b.jpg

  26. Echinodermata http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/images/shores/piaster_ochraceus_4740_A80_800.jpg

  27. http://www.tankedup-imaging.com/images/prickly_red_sea_cucumber.jpghttp://www.tankedup-imaging.com/images/prickly_red_sea_cucumber.jpg http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/NGS/Shared/StaticFiles/animals/images/primary/sea-cucumber-ga.jpg Sea Cucumbers http://www.bubblevision.com/albums/burma-banks/images/sea-cucumber.jpg

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