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INDUSTRIAL AGE. Test Review USH CH6. Bessemer process. - the first successful method of making steel in quantity at low cost. Christopher Sholes. - invented the first commercially successful typewriter. Alexander Graham Bell.
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INDUSTRIAL AGE Test Review USH CH6
Bessemer process • - the first successful method of making steel in quantity at low cost.
Christopher Sholes • - invented the first commercially successful typewriter.
Alexander Graham Bell • - United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922)
Thomas Alva Edison • - inventor; inventions included the phonograph and incandescent electric light and the microphone and the Kinetoscope (1847-1931).
Andrew Carnegie • - One of the first industrial moguls that made his own fortune through the steel industry.
Edwin L. Drake • - used a steam engine to drill oil from beneath the earth’s surface.
transcontinental railroad • - A train route across the United States, finished in 1869 by two railroad companies. The two lines met in Utah. The Central Pacific laborers were predominantly Chinese, and the Union Pacific laborers predominantly Irish.
Credit Mobilier • - A joint stock company, formed for general banking business, or for the construction of public works. Used by Union Pacific Railroad stockholders to lay track at more than the actual cost and kept the profits.
George M. Pullman • - developed a railroad sleeping car
trust • - a consortium of independent organizations formed to limit competition by controlling the production and distribution of a product or service.
horizontal consolidation • - absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level.
Interstate Commerce Act • - reestablished the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activities and established the ICC.
Social Darwinism • - a theory in sociology that individuals or groups achieve advantage over others as the result of genetic or biological superiority.
John D. Rockefeller • - United States industrialist who made a fortune in the oil business.
vertical integration • - absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution.
monopoly • - a market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.
holding company • - a company with controlling shares in other companies.
Munn V. Illinois • - A court case that allowed the states to regulate the railroads for the benefit of farmers and consumers.
Sherman Antitrust Act • - an act of Congress (1890) prohibiting any combination of business interests in restraint of foreign or interstate trade. • requires the Federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, suspected of violating the Act. However, for the most part, politicians were unwilling to use the law. Several years would pass before the first use of the Act against its intended perpetrator, corporate monopolies.
Samuel Gompers • - United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924
American Federation of Labor (AFL) Union that joined with other trade and craft union in 1886. It used strikes as a major tactic. The strikes helped win higher wages and shorter workweek for skilled workers.
collective bargaining • - negotiation between an employer and trade union.
Eugene V. Debs • - United States labor organizer who ran for President as a socialist (1855-1926)
socialism • - an economic system where the means of producing and distributing goods is owned collectively or by a centralized government that often plans and controls the economy.
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) • - A labor organization for unskilled workers, formed b a group of radical unionists and socialists in 1905.
Robber baron* • A critical term used to describe such industrialists as Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller
scab • - a person who works while others are on strike.
Mother Jones • - United States labor leader (born in Ireland) who helped to found the Industrial Workers of the World (1830-1930).
J.P. Morgan* • American financier, banker and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time.
William “Big Bill” Haywood* • Founding member and leader of the (IWW). During the first two decades of the 20th century, he was involved in several important labor battles. • Haywood was an advocate organizing all workers in an industry under one union, regardless of the specific trade or skill level
Merger* • The company that results from one corporation’s buying out the stock of another.
Social Darwinism* • Theory that justified the efforts of millionaires and discouraged government interference in big business.
Pauline Newman* • At age 16, she became the first female organizer of the International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union.
1. Was the federal government right in interfering as it did in the Great Strike of 1877? Explain your opinion. • 2. In a paragraph, outline the problems faced by a typical unskilled factory • 3. The Granger laws, the decision in the Interstate Commerce Act helped establish the principle that the federal government has the right to regulate business. What happened in the late 1800's to make such a regulation seem necessary? What are some ways that private business is regulated today that were unheard of in the late 1800s? • 4. In what ways did 19th-century robber barons encourage competition? In what ways did they discourage competition? • 5. In a paragraph, note and explain the factors that encouraged the industrialization of the last half of the 19th century. • 6. What factors led to the growth of labor unions in late 19th century? What factors led to their decline by the early 20th century?
