The Industrial Age

1. The Industrial Age From Industrial Age to Imperialism

2. Various advances that assist trade • All weather roads (improve transportation) • Improved farm tools (iron plows) • Improved farming techniques (crop rotation) • Increased food production = increase in population • Improved ship design improves sea transportation and lowers cost of trade

3. Industrial Revolution (1750-1850) • CONDITIONS in England favor Industrial growth • Natural resources (coal, iron) • Human resources • Favorable economic conditions (available capital, stable economy) • Favorable political conditions • Favorable social/cultural conditions • New technology and inventive minds

4. Technological Advancements that helped produce the Industrial Revolution • Spinning jenny: James Hargreaves • Steam engine: James Watt • Cotton gin: Eli Whitney • Process for making steel: Henry Bessemer (Bessemer process)

5. Industrial Revolution • Only when first conditions are “favorable” will technology and resources lead to industrial development • Q: How can a country sit on top of HUGE oil reserves and be dirt poor? • Q: Why are political or social problems a barrier to economic prosperity?

6. Industrial development: Concepts • Places that are quick to industrialize will get ahead of those that do not • First places to industrialize will be the first to experience the NEGATIVE effects* of Industrialization • MISERY FESTERS • Benefits of industrial life will lead people to COMPROMISE to improve conditions • RISE of a new middle class, change, etc. • Do the benefits outweigh the negatives of Industrialization?

7. Negative Effects of Industrialization • Rapid urbanization (too fast for city infrastructure to handle) • Miserable living conditions (slums) • Miserable working conditions (factories) • Child Labor and Women (CHEAP) • *Emergence of radical ideas (utilitarianism, socialism, communism) • Imperialism, Westernization, ethnocentrism, racism, greed, and …WARS….to be continued!

8. Nature of work in the factory system • Family-based cottage industries displaced by the factory system • Harsh working conditions with men competing with women and children for wages • Child labor that kept costs of production low and profits high • Owners of mines and factories who exercised considerable control over the lives of their laborers

10. Positive Effects of Industrialization • Urbanization in general (can be good too) • Population Increase (fewer people die as medicine gets better) • Standard of living increases (for many) • Improved transportation • Improved education (access and equity) • “Rise of the Middle Class” and … • ….”PROGRESS” as a result of compromises between business owners and workers

11. Impact of Industrial Revolution on slavery • The cotton gin increased demand for slave labor on American plantations. • The United States and Britain outlawed the slave trade and then slavery.

12. Social effects of the Industrial Revolution • Women and children entering the workplace as cheap labor • Introduction of reforms to end child labor • Expansion of education • Women’s increased demands for suffrage

13. Rise of labor unions • Encouraged worker-organized strikes to demand increased wages and improved working conditions • Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers, including women and children • Wanted workers’ rights and collective bargaining between labor and management

14. Advancements in science and medicine • Discovery of bacteria: Louis Pasteur • Development of smallpox vaccination: Edward Jenner

16. Industrial revolution spreads…. • Rising Economic Powers are all industrial • Each will want access and control over RAW MATERIALS and MARKETS • raw materials: • Markets: Q: What might happen when industrial nations want what NON-industrial nations have? What effect will the “industrial vs. NON-industrial tension” have on the world?

17. Effects of Industrial Revolution • Nationalism motivated European nations to compete for colonial possessions. European economic, military, and political power forced colonized countries to trade on European terms. Industrially produced goods flooded colonial markets and displaced their traditional industries.Colonized peoples resisted European domination and responded in diverse ways to Western influences.

18. IMPERIALISM • Definition: The domination of the political, economic or cultural life of another country • “A stronger, more powerful country takes over a weaker one” • Colonies • Protectorates • Spheres of influence

19. Imperialism • Justified as the “White Man’s Burden” (Rudyard Kipling) • Idea that technologically advanced Europeans were morally and socially superior to natives of Asia, Africa, and the Americas • Colonies, Protectorates, and Spheres of Influence

20. Causes of Imperialism • Economic causes: • Need for RESOURCES(coal, iron, cash crops, various other “RAW MATERIALS”) • Need for MARKETS • Remember Age of Exploration? • Remember Mercantilism? • Gold/Silver • Favorable balance of trade • Colonies for raw materials AND markets • Tariffs on imports from other countries

21. Causes of Imperialism • Technological: technology and scientific advances made it possible for “developed countries” to take over non-developed • “Developed” means: • Industrial • Modern • …aggressive

22. Causes of Imperialism • Political/Military:need for military bases to protect financial investments and to establish political influence (international) • Military might follows the MONEY

23. Causes of Imperialism • Social/Cultural: • Western arrogance and ideas of “saving” the world while profiting in the process • Social Darwinism • Racism • Christian Missionary zeal • Greed??

24. Imperialism • Imperialism spread economic, political, and social philosophies of Europe throughout the world. • Resistance to imperialism took many forms, including armed conflict and intellectual movements.

25. Colonies • This is an expensive form of imperialism in which a mother country sets up a bureaucracy to govern the locals. Under this form, rule can be either direct or indirect

26. Protectorates • In this form of imperialism, local rulers are left in place with the understanding that they would accept advice of rulers from abroad, especially on trade, military or cultural issues.

28. Spheres of influence • This is a form of imperialism in which an outside power claims exclusive trading or investment privileges in an area.

29. Imperialism in ASIA:

30. JAPANESE Imperialism

31. CHINA: Opium War 1839-1842 • Economics of trade balance • Britain spent too much silver on Chinese imports • British East India Co. sold Opium to Chinese • Chinese lost the war and Hong Kong

32. China: Taiping Rebellion • Taiping Rebellion: led by Christian convert who thought he was Jesus’ little brother • Means “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace” • 14 year civil war with 20 million killed • Foreign powers came together to crush it

33. CHINA: Western spheres of influence • Extraterritoriality: Europeans living in China did not have to live by Chinese laws, but by their own nation’s laws • USA’s “Open Door Policy” declares equal access to China to all European nations…(AND the USA!)

34. CHINA: Boxer Rebellion • Shadow-boxing and the name “Society of the Harmonious Fists” • Another attempt to get foreigners OUT of China • Failed after allied foreign armies crushed them and demanded payment for damages

35. Imperialism in AFRICA

38. Imperialism in Africa and Asia • European domination • European conflicts carried to the colonies • Christian missionary efforts • Spheres of influence in China • Suez Canal – shortened the trip to India • East India Company’s domination of Indian states • American opening of Japan to trade

39. Famine in British India