French Absolutism

1. French Absolutism Michael Santurri, Janelle Oliver , Nic Arlandson, Natalie Marshall, Katherine Zimmerman, Gabriella Andino, Bailey Hoback AP European History Period 4

2. 1. The role of the Estates General from the 16th to the 18th Century (1500’s – 1700’s) By: Michael Santurri

3. Structure • Legislative Assembly • Not very important • Divided into 3 classes • Only used at the kings discretion

4. Meetings of the Estates General • Met intermittently from 1300’s to 1614 • Met during mid 1500’s to discuss money during the Wars of Religion • Met for the last time in 1614 by order of Louis

5. 1789 • Estates general called to assist King to avert crisis and unbalanced taxes • Third breaks off and forms national assembly • Start of French Revolution

6. Sources "Estates-General (French history) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia." Britannica Online Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/193320/Estates-General>. 

Wilde, Robert. "Estates General - Definition of Estates General." European History – The History of Europe. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. <http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/glossary/g/glEstates-General.htm>.

7. 2. The Reign of Henry IV and the Legacy He Left Behind By: Janelle Oliver

8. Who Was He? • Henry IV was born in 1553 • His father died at a young age, and he was raised by his Mother • After the death Francis I, Henry took the throne • When he was king, Henry could be compared to Elizabeth I • He also married Marie de' Medici

9. Before His Reign • Effects • Religious tension in Europe • Henry was chosen as the head of the Protestant Party • King Charles IX and his wife Catherine de Medici of France • Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • Henry renounced his Protestant Faith • He “converted” to Catholicism

10. Henry Obtains the Throne • Tension over Henry’s religion • After claiming Catholicism, Henry switched back to being Huguenot after he was about to obtain the throne • Catholic League was furious • War of Three Kings • Henry III, Roman Catholic Henry I de Lorraine, Henry IV all fought for control • Henry IV won

11. Henry’s Reign • Henry obtained the French throne • Edict of Nantes • After the fighting was over, Henry IV restored order in France • Restored finances • Encouraged agriculture • Founded new industries • Built roads and canals • Expanded trade

12. Sources • "Henri IV." NNDB: Tracking the entire world. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. <http://www.nndb.com/people/836/000093557/>. • "Henry IV, king of France — FactMonster.com." Fact Monster: Online Almanac, Dictionary, Encyclopedia, and Homework Help — FactMonster.com. Pearson Education , n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. <http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/people/A0823376.html>.

13. 3. Reign of King Louis XIII NicArlandson Question 3

14. Louis XII • He was the first to begin France into an Absolute Monarchy • Let Cardinal Richelieu basically rule the kingdom for him, allowing him to make most of the decisions for France • When he first took control French Huguenots and French Protestants had their own fortified cities, Louis XIII was determined to absorb them all into his new kingdom and did exactly that • Son of Henry IV and Marie De Medici

15. In fear of Austria and Spain growing too strong Richelieu put France into the Thirty Years War • This put them into severe debt and they were forced to put heavy taxes on the people, this created some uprisings but the government shut them down completely

16. Cardinal Richelieu • Louis XIII appointed him prime minister after he took control of France from Marie Medici his mother • Cardinal Richelieu stands as the personification of seventeenth-century statecraft, and his brilliance is generally credited for bringing France from its sorry state following the Wars of Religion to the verge of greatness • Louis XIII relied on him to bring the Nation to power and he was a supporter for the French Protestants therefore taking over and engulfing the French Huguenots states

18. Impact/Role in Europe • Louis XIII left behind a great throne for his successor Louis XIV • He put France into a position of them being the model monarchy for absolutism • He represented Frances dominance and power in prosecuting the Habsburgs in the Thirty Years War and their victory over Spain • He built up one of the most powerful navies • He reversed the trend of all of the famous artists going to Italy to learn and practice and brought it to France • Richelieu designed and supervised foreign policy that made France the dominant power in Europe at the time • Foreign policy was do whatever it takes for the betterment of France and to make France the dominant power • Richelieu built an ally group that was to be very strong with Sweden, Electors of Bavaria, Trier and Cologne, Murad IV (Sultan of Turkey), on occasions Pope Urban VIII, and Holland • By his death, Richelieu had all but removed the threat of the Spanish; he had been responsible for creating a modernised army and navy and France had captured strategic cities in western Europe. Richelieu had done what he had intended to do - make France a serious 'player' in European affairs, a nation to be reckoned with

19. Works Citied • Lambert, Tim. "A Brief History of France." Web. 28 Oct. 2012. <http://www.localhistories.org/france.html>. • "Louis XIII of France: Biography from Answers.com." Answers - The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. • "Richelieu and Foreign Policy." History Learning Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2012.

20. 4. How was the government organized under Louis xiv? Natalie Marshall

21. Louis XIV • He did very little to change the structure of the government in which he inherited • He tweaked and adapted the government to his desires • This practice can be seen in the central government- he built off of what Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin did

22. The High Council • His royal council was like that of Richelieu- a High Council of about 3 to 4 members (no relatives) • Members of the High Council were known as ministers, of course they had no power unless Louis said • Most prominent of the ministers were Michel Le Tellier, Hugues de Lionne, and Jean-Baptiste Colbert • They were his advisors, Louis made final decisions

23. The High Council • Le Tellier: • Under Mazarin’s regime, he was the secretary of state for military affairs • Greatest achievement under Louis was the reorganization of the army • Army was under the monarch, not nobles • Completely controlled by state • His success with the army led to the dominance of the French army in Europe during Louis’s reign

24. The High Council • Hughes de Lionne • Expert in foreign affairs • He was the chief French negotiator at the Peace of the Pyrenees • Jean-Baptiste Colbert • In 1655 he was the controller of general finances • In 1669 he was the secretary of state for the navy • He increased the size of the navy • He wanted to challenge the commercial supremacy of the Dutch

25. Other Councils • Council for Dispatches • Responsible for the activities of the Intendants • Royal Council for Finances • Supervised the financial aspects of the king’s lands • Met under three other councils: • The Privy Council- dispensed the king’s final judgments • The State Council for Finances- accelerated financial matters of subordinate importance • Financial Arbitration Court- settled disputes between the state and individuals or corporations

26. The intendants • Prior to Louis, they were used to establish royal power in the provinces • They prevented the provinces from governing themselves and paying only a little bit of tax to the royal authority • Louis recognized their importance, so he increased their numbers • These agents of the central government could: exercise powers of police, raise military forces, regulate industrial, commercial, and financial affairs, etc… • They were resented by local officials because they took away much of their power

27. Louis’s government • Modernized the legal system of France • In 1667, Civil Law was reformed • In 1670, Criminal Law was reformed • They both changed the judicial structure • Noble armies were taken over by the state • Decreased power of nobles, increased royal absolute power • Regional governors were moved from one province to another regularly • It kept them from becoming too powerful • Their work became more ceremonial, Lieutenant-Generals appointed in Paris took over their duties • This kept them from developing regional power

28. Louis’s Government • He weakened the power of the nobility by having them at Versailles • Powerful positions were given to men of ability • Their advancement was under control of Louis • Their name, title, and family had nothing to do with their position

29. Louis XIV • “Absolute Monarch”- he was not entirely absolute because… • He had the need to take counsel • Insisted on receiving advice on all important matters • The provinces retained their own Estates and customs • He was restricted by lack of funds • He asked the cities and provinces to raise contributions and give a “gift” • Members of high nobility continued to exercise a lot of power

30. Bibliography • Rayment, W. J. "French Absolutism and Louis XIV." French Absolutism: Louis XIV. N.p., 2012. Web. 26 Oct. 2012. <http://www.indepthinfo.com/history/french-absolutism.htm>. • "Louis XIV and Domestic Policy." Louis XIV and Domestic Policy. HistoryLearningSite, n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/louis_xiv_and_domestic_policy.htm>. • Shennan, J. H. "The Age of Louis XIV (1643-1715)." The Age of Louis XIV (1643-1715). N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/imperialism/notes/louisxiv.html>.

31. 5. How the economy was organized under Louis XIV Katherine Zimmerman

33. 6# Louis XIV and Religion Alex Barrineau

34. Absolute Authority He believed he had only had to answer to God, and that he had ultimate authority over the church. He allowed religious leaders to act but only by his grace. In his mind he had complete control over them.

35. Edict of Nantes Gave civil and religious rights to Protestants in France enacted by Henry IV. Overruled by Louis XIV in 1685. Created the Edict of Fontainebleau which made Protestantism illegal.

36. Results of Louis XIV's Overruling Mass persecution of Calvinist Huguenots Burning of most Protestant churches Exodus of an estimated 200,000 Huguenots into other European States Those who did not flee were executed or went into hiding Affected France's economy; a large portion of merchants and other skilled workers left

37. Problems with the Papacy King Louis XIV refused to submit to the pope; he believed only God had authority over him Issued the Four Articles officially making the king separate from the church It also limited the pope's power over the Catholic Church

38. Jansenist A Catholic sect that believed in predestination and were critical of the Jesuits Louis XIV had them persecuted; many were arrested and their primary convent at Port Royal des Champs was destroyed He “pressured” the pope into declaring their beliefs as heretical

39. Quietism A mystical Christianity movement which believed in total love of God; this made rituals and ceremonies not necessary. Louis XIV did not like this so he forced the pope to declare their beliefs as heretical. Their leader, Madame de Guynon, was arrested.

40. Bibliography "Louis XIV - the Sun King: Louis & Religion." Louis XIV - the Sun King: Louis & Religion. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.louis-xiv.de/index.php?id=29>. "Louis XIV and Religion." Louis XIV and Religion. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/louis_xiv_and_religion.htm>. "Louis XIV, Religion and Dissension." Louis XIV, Religion and Dissension. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/351/351-132.htm>.

41. 7. Louis XIV’s purpose in building Versailles and describe the actual palace. Gabriella Andino

42. ~VERSAILLES~

43. Fun facts: • The palace took over 50 years to complete • A total of 36,000 people and 6,000 horses worked to construct Versailles. • The total size of the palace and the gardens is larger than the island of Manhattan. • It cost over $2 billion dollars to make. • The Treaty of Versailles was signed in the Hall of Mirrors.

44. Why was it built? • Hunting Lodge for Louis XIII. (1624) • Louis XIV started the design of the Versailles Gardens. (1661) • Nicolas Fouquet: Vaux-le-Vicomte • Louis XIV wanted to create a court that could accommodate his officials so that he could control any threats to his reign.

46. Who built it? • Louis XVI hired the same people who designed the Vaux-le-Vicomte to make his palace at Versailles. • Le Vau, Le Notre, and Le Brun. • Architect, Painter and Decorator, Garden Landscaper.

47. How does one build Versailles? • Clear 37,000 acres? Check. • 1,400 fountains? Check. • 400 pieces of sculpture? Check.

48. The Gardens

49. Sources • FunTrivia. "Click Here To Play: The Palace of Versailles." The Palace of Versailles. FunTrivia, 2008. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.funtrivia.com/en/subtopics/The-Palace-of-Versailles-2809.html>.

50. 8. The cause and effect of the wars fought during the reign of King Louis XIV. Bailey Hoback