ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

1. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES • FOR ACTIVE LEARNING ASSIGNMENT • GROUP MEMBERS:- • ARCHIL PATEL 13BECEG064 • VAIBHAVI GOSAI 13BECEG065 • SAMYAK SURTI 13BECEG066 • REECHA ROY 13BECEG067 • GUIDED BY:- • HIRAL KADIYA(ASSIS. PROFESSOR)

2. Environment and Environmental Ethics • Definition • Components • Relationship between Components • Man and Environment Relationship • Impact of Technology on Environment • Definition of Environmental ethics • Theory of Ethics and Code of Ethics

3. ENVIRONMENT • Environment (biophysical), the physical and biological factors along with their chemical interactions that affect an organism • Environment (systems), the surroundings of a physical system that may interact with the system by exchanging mass, energy, or other properties • Environments (series), a series of LPs, cassettes and CDs depicting natural sounds

4. Components

5. Components • Environment consists of all living and non-living things which surround us. Therefore, the basic components of the environment are: • 1. Atmosphere or the air • 2. Hydrosphere or the water • 3. Lithosphere or the rocks and soil • 4. The living component of the environment or the biosphere

6. What Is Lithosphere ? • The lithosphere is the rigid outermost shell of a rocky planet defined on the basis of the mechanical properties. On Earth, it comprises the crust and the portion of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on time scales of thousands of years or greater. The outermost shell of a rocky planet defined on the basis of the chemistry and mineralogy is a crust.

7. What Is Hydrosphere ? The hydrosphere in physical geography describes the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet. • Igor Shiklomanov, the man selected by the United Nations to do its world inventory of water resources,  estimated that there are 1386 million cubic kilometres of water on earth. This includes water in liquid and frozen forms in groundwater's, glaciers, oceans, lakes and streams.

8. What Is Atmosphere ? • Atmosphere - It is the state of layer adjoining the earth and extends up to 500 kms above the earth’s shell.  Atmosphere is also called as layer of gases.  . • Earth's atmosphere, which contains oxygen used by most organisms for respiration and carbon dioxide used by plants, also protects living organisms from genetic damage by solar ultraviolet radiation. • The term stellar atmosphere describes the outer region of a star, and typically includes the portion starting from the opaque photosphere outwards.

9. The Structure of the Atmosphere • The Earth's atmosphere consists, from the ground up, of the troposphere which includes the planetary boundary layer or  stratosphere , mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere and also the magnetosphere. • Three quarters of the atmospheric mass resides within the troposphere, and the depth of this layer varies between 17 km at the equator and 7 km at the poles.

10. Troposphere • Troposphere is the layer of air nearest to the ground. Temperature decreases with height. • The average temperature drops from 15ºC at sea level to –56.5ºC at 11,000 m above sea level. • Mixing of the air molecules due to their constant movement (winds) keeps the composition of the gases more or less same throughout the troposphere. An exception to this is water vapour. • Most water vapour evaporates from the surface of the Earth and is found in the lower troposphere. • Most of the weather occurs in the troposphere. Tropopause is the top of the troposphere, which is a transition layer between Troposphere and Stratosphere

11. STRATOSPHERE

12. STRATOSPHERE • Stratosphere is the layer of air above the troposphere where temperature increases with height. • The average temperature rises to –2.5ºC at 50,000 m above sea level. Ozone is found in higher concentrations between 20 and 30 km above the surface. Hence sometimes this layer is referred to as the “ozone layer”.

13. MESOSPHERE • Mesosphere is the layer of air above the stratosphere where temperature decreases with height. The average temperature decreases to –90°C at 90,000 m. • This is the coldest layer of the atmosphere. Mesopause is the top of the mesosphere, which is a transition layer between Mesosphere and Thermosphere.

14. THERMOSPHERE • Thermosphere is the layer of air above the mesosphere. • The temperatures in the thermosphere increase with increasing height, but there are not many molecules in this layer. • The air becomes less and less dense as we reach space.

15. Components

16. Relationship between components of environment The relationship between humans and environment has varied from the early periods of human settlement on the earth to the present day. The relationship between environment and human beings has also being varying from place to place at any given period of time.

17. Man and Environment Relationship • The relationship between the man and the environment has been established in the early periods itself. Human beings live in the kingdom of nature and interact with it constantly. • 5th June of every year is observed as World Environment Day to emphasize the importance of green environment in our lives and promote the worldwide awareness of the environment.

18. Impact of Technology on Environment • The enormous technological growth we have seen is possible through the extensive programme for technological research through a wide variety of researchers in universities, companies and non-profit research institutes.

19. Environment Ethics • The body of moral principles or values followed by a person in regards to their total surroundings.

20. Ideas on Criteria for Moral Standing • Sentience, the ability to feel pain • Therefore extend moral standing to animals

21. Ethical Positions • Sentio-centrism: Sentient-beingcentered morality • All and only sentient beings (animals that feel pain) have intrinsic value and moral standing. • The rest of the natural world has instrumental value. • Both humans and sentient animals have rights and/or interests that must be considered

22. Ethical Positions • Eco-centric Holism: ecosystem centered morality • Non-individuals (the earth as an interconnected ecosystem, species, natural processes) have moral standing or intrinsic value and are deserving of respect. • Individuals must be concerned about the whole community of life/nature, • Humans should strive to preserve ecological balance and stability.

23. Bioregionalism • Lead a simple life with local production of food and other products by people that you know • Increases environmental awareness and caring • decreases exploitation of the environment and people.