The Eye

1. The Eye

2. Orbit • Functional anatomy and proptosis • Diseases that increase orbital contents displace the eye forward – sarcoidosis, adenoma, glioma, meningioma • Thyroid ophthalmopathy ( Graves disease) • Accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins and fibrosis in the rectus muscles • Other orbital inflammatory conditions • Cellulitis, mucormycosis, Wegener granulomatosis • Neoplasms • Capillary hemangioma, lymphangioma. Non-Hodkin lymphoma, metastases

3. Eyelid • Functional anatomy • Blepharitis, chalazion • Neoplasms • Basal cell carcinoma, sebaceous carcinoma,Kaposi sarcoma

4. Conjunctiva • Functional anatomy • Palpebral conjunctiva, bulbar conjunctiva • Conjunctival scarring • Chlamydia trachomatic • Pemphogoid • Dry eyes • Iatrogenic • Pinguecula and pterygium • Neoplasms • Conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia • Muoepidermoid carcinoma • Nevi • Melonoma

5. Sclera • RA – scleritis • Blue sclera

6. Cornea • Functional anatomy • Stroma lacks blood vessels and lymphatics • Descemet membrane – copper deposits in wilson disease • Keratitis and ulcers • Infectious ulcers • Corneal degenerations and dystrophies • Band keratopathy • Keratoconus • Fuchs endothelial dystrophy • Stromal dystrophies

7. Anterior Segment • Functional anatomy • Cataract • The anterior segment and glaucoma • Primary open-angle - MYOC gene • Secondary open-angle– Sturge-Weber • Primary angle-closure, • Secondary angle- closure • Endophthalmitis and panophthalmitis • Keratic precipitates e.g. mutton-fat in sarcoid

8. Uvea • Uveitis • JIA • Infectious • Granulomatous • Toxoplamosis • Sympathetic ophthalmia • Neoplasms • Nevi • Melanomas

9. Retina and Vitreous • Functional anatomy • Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous • Posterior vitreous detachment • Retinal detachment • Separation of the neurosensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium • Retinal vascular disease • Hypertension • DM – background and proliferative retinopathy • Retinopathy of prematurity • Sickle retinopathy • Retinal vasculitis • Radiation retinopathy • Retinal artery and vein occlusions • Age-related macular degeneration • Other retinal degenerations • Retinitis pigmentosa – inherited, Refsum disease, rods and ones lost to apoptosis • Retinitis • Retinal neoplasms • Retinoblastoma • Retinal lymphoma

10. Optic Nerve • Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy • Papilledema • Glaucomatous optic nerve damage • Other optic neuropathies • Optic neuritis

11. The End-Stage Eye: Phthisis Bulbi