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Throne of Weapons: Mozambique's Drift towards Total War

This article explores the events leading up to World War I, including the assassination of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand and the involvement of European nations, Ottoman Empire, Japan, and US colonies. It examines the impact of total war on political landscapes, the destruction of dynasties, the rise of nationalism, and the promotion of socialism and self-determination. The article also discusses the war's effects on South Asia, Africa, and the British Empire's oppressive rule.

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Throne of Weapons: Mozambique's Drift towards Total War

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  1. ‘Throne of weapons’BM collection 2001; Mozambique

  2. Drift towards Total War • assassination of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand • European nations: joined by Ottomans, Japan, US supported by their colonies • Total War • altered political landscape: destroyed dynasties successful socialist revolution promoted nationalism in colonies

  3. middle classes, liberalism socialism, science Nationalism and self-determination Pan-Slavism (irredentalism) Britain vs. Germany popular opinion Nationalisms and War

  4. Lead-up to warImperial • Moroccan (Agadir) Crises • Tripolitan War • Balkan Crises • Other crises: Boer War Boxer Crisis Russo-Japanese War

  5. Count Alfred von SchlieffenGeneral Helmuth von Moltke

  6. British lines east of Zillebeke, Belgium 1917

  7. Colonial troops in Europe & the war outside of Europe 2nd Lahore Light infantry Experience of War: Colonial/Imperial

  8. WWI and its Effecton reform in South Asia India ‘declared to be in a state of war’ • exodus of ICS, army (15 000) and Europeans civilians • politically, professionally, ‘their chance’ • support for the effort – with expectation of Home Rule • increased radical action • 2 million men; £ 100 million ‘gift’ • rise in Muslim nationalism – allied with Congress 1916 In active service • fought, wounded and died alongside fellow critics of British rule • enjoyed the pleasures of Europe – no divide • nationalism

  9. Does spilled blood make citizens? As with other colonies: men volunteered for pay pride in community protect nation connection to the CrownUnlike settler colonies: no dominion status

  10. The War in Africa Two phases: • knock out German offensive capabilities in Africa • occupy German territories Lomé in Togo Duala in Karerun Swakopmund and Lüderitz Bay in SWAfrika East Afrika

  11. Kamerun monument to French dead, Duala

  12. German East Africa

  13. Colonial Administration Former British Administrators – Nigerian Regiment (1918) Henry Rider Haggard German Mission School, SW Africa (1859-1925) General Smuts inspection

  14. Africans in the War

  15. Recruitment

  16. Results Anti-colonial movements Economic: depressions famine New technologies and infrastructure Demography and social structure: new opportunities modern nationalism influenza

  17. Bengal Lancers, Palestine, c. 1918Turning point Africa reordered: Germany out France in Cameroon Britain in Togo German East Africa Union of South Africa and SW Africa Belgium in Rwanda and Burundi Ethnic tensions in specific regions Aim of resistances changed – ‘quiet’ for roughly 20 years WWII then changes

  18. What does ‘quiet’ look like: internationalism, western/non-western peoples and the mandate system a. Rough justice: violence to control demob., etc. b. League of Nations – Mandate system: territories established under Article 22 previously controlled by states defeated in WWI different from the protectorates • formal removal of sovereignty of previous states • transfer of powers to individual states of Allied Powers

  19. Class A mandates Iraq, Palestine, Syria Lebanon, Hatay Class B mandates Rwanda-Urundi, Tanganyika, Zanzibar, Kamerun, Togoland, Class C mandates former German New Guinea Nauru, German Samoa, South Pacific Mandate, South-West Africa nearly all the former mandates were sovereign states by 1990

  20. Conclusion British empire its largest post-WWI And arguably, ‘eight-knives’ embroidery – Hausa, 1860s Sokoto Caliphate, British Museum British empire its most oppressive post-WWI

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