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Chapter 15, Section 2. Early Years of the War. New Technology. New rifles and cannons were more accurate and had greater range than previous weapons. Ironclads were a great improvement over older wooden warships. Event. Forts Henry and Donelson February 1862 Military Leader:
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Chapter 15, Section 2 Early Years of the War
New Technology • New rifles and cannons were more accurate and had greater range than previous weapons. • Ironclads were a great improvement over older wooden warships.
Event • Forts Henry and Donelson • February 1862 Military Leader: Union: Grant Outcome: The Union takes control of two water routes into the western Confederacy
Event • Use of Ironclads • Outcome: ironclads are used by the South against the Union blockade • used by the North to hold the Mississippi R.
Event • Battle of Shiloh • April 1862 • Military leaders: Union: Grant • Confederacy: A.S. Johnston Outcome: Union takes control of major railroad center and part of the Mississippi River
Event • New Orleans • April 1862 Military Leader: - Farragut • Outcome: The North controls almost all of the Mississippi River.
Event • Outside Richmond, Virginia • May and June 1862 • Military Leader: Union – McClellan • Outcome – Richmond is not taken
Event • Battle of Antietam • Sept. 1862 Military Leader: • Union: McClellan • Confederacy: Lee • Outcome: • Lee is forced to stop his invasion of the North • One day of the battle was the bloodiest day of the war • Neither side really won the war, but the North claimed victory • Lincoln used the victory to announce the Emancipation Proclamation
Chapter 15, Section 3 The Emancipation Proclamation
Emancipating the Enslaved • Lincoln’s main war goal was to restore (or preserve) the Union. He did not free slaves at the beginning of the war in order to avoid causing border states to secede. • Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on Jan. 1, 1863. • However, it only freed slaves in states fighting the Union, so very few enslaved people were immediately freed. Most Union soldiers supported the proclamation because it weakened the South.
Emancipating the Enslaved • The Emancipation Proclamation caused the Civil War to become a war abolish slavery. • It also kept Britain from recognizing the South’s independence.
African Americans Help the Union • More than half of African American volunteers serving in the Union army were former slaves. • Confederates did not treat captured African Americans as prisoners of war; they faced slavery or death.
African Americans Help the Union Noncombat positions held by free African Americans in the Union Army: • cooks • wagon drivers • hospital aides Ways enslaved African Americans hurt the Confederate war effort: • provided information to the Union • refused to work
Chapter 15, Section 4 The Civil War’s Effect on American Life
Divisions In the North, some people: • opposed the Emancipation Proclamation • believed the South had the right to secede • Northern Democrats opposed to the war were called copperheads
Divisions Areas of South less supportive of war: • poor backcountry regions with few enslaved people Opposition to the war was strongest in - Georgia and North Carolina. • Divisions were created by strong support for states’ rights.
Disruptions • Way people disrupted the war effort: • Encouraged soldiers to desert • Helped prisoners of war to escape • Tried to prevent men from volunteering • Held peace protests
Disruptions • Both sides dealt with disruptions in some areas by suspending habeas corpus. – constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment.
Draft Laws • Desertion was a problem for both sides. Many soldiers left their units to plant or harvest crops. • Each side established a draft, a system of required military service. • Anger at exceptions to this requirement caused riots in many places
Women in the Civil War • Women’s contributions to the war effort on both sides: • Disguised themselves as men to join the army • Became spies • Took over businesses and farms • Worked in factories • Barriers for women fell, especially in the field of nursing. • Clara Barton – cared for the wounded on the battlefield. Founded the American Red Cross.
Economic Strains • Congress levied the first income tax to pay for the war. • The Union printed large amounts of paper money, causing the cost of goods to increase. • Union blockades of the South caused shortages that made goods expensive
