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Chapter 23: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems

Chapter 23: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems. Overview. Key Terms. corpus luteum luteinizing hormone (LH) progesterone endometrium menopause semen estrogen menses spermatozoon follicle menstruation (pl., spermatozoa) follicle-stimulating ovary testis (pl., testes)

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Chapter 23: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems

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  1. Chapter 23:The Male and Female Reproductive Systems

  2. Overview

  3. Key Terms corpus luteum luteinizing hormone (LH) progesterone endometrium menopause semen estrogen menses spermatozoon follicle menstruation (pl., spermatozoa) follicle-stimulating ovary testis (pl., testes) hormone (FSH) ovulation testosterone gamete ovum (pl., ova) uterus infertility

  4. Reproduction • Learning Outcome • Identify the male and female gametes and state the purpose of meiosis.

  5. Reproduction Asexual • One-celled organisms • Divide themselves Sexual • Males and females • Specialized sex cells (germ cells or gametes) • Male are spermatozoa (sperm cells) • Female are ova (egg cells)

  6. Meiosis • Cell division process • Halves the number of chromosomes in cell • Produces gametes • Human gametes have 23 chromosomes

  7. The Male Reproductive System Learning Outcomes 2.Name the gonads and accessory organs of the male reproductive system and cite the function of each. 3.Describe the composition and function of semen. 4.Draw and label a spermatozoon.

  8. The Male Reproductive System • Two groups of organs • Primary • Gonads (testes) • Accessory • Ducts • Exocrine glands

  9. Figure 23-1 Male reproductive system. What four glands empty Secretions into the urethra? What duct receives secretions from the epididymis?

  10. The Testes • Located outside the body proper • Scrotum • Inguinal canal • Spermatic cord

  11. Figure 23-2 Descent of the testes.

  12. Internal Structure • Specialized tissue in testis • Seminiferous tubules • Sustentacular cells • Interstitial cells

  13. Figure 23-3 Microscopic view of the testis. Where are the interstitial cells located?

  14. Testosterone • Male sex hormone functions • Develops and maintains reproductive structures • Develops spermatozoa • Develops secondary sex characteristics • Deeper voice • Broader shoulders • Narrower hips • More muscle tissue • More body hair

  15. The Spermatozoa • Individual cells manufactured in seminiferous tubules • Head • Nucleus • Acrosome • Midpiece • Mitochondria • Tail (flagellum)

  16. Figure 23-4 Human spermatozoon. What organelles provide energy for sperm cell motility?

  17. ✓ The Male Reproductive System Checkpoints 23-1What is the process of cell division that halves thechromosome number in a cell to produce a gamete? 23-2What is the male gamete called? 23-3What is the male gonad? 23-4What is the main male sex hormone? 23-5What are the main subdivisions of a spermatozoon?

  18. Accessory Organs • System of ducts that transports spermatozoa • Tubules • Epididymis • Ductus deferens (vas deferens) • Seminal vesicle • Ejaculatory duct

  19. Semen • Mixture of sperm and secretions from various organs • Seminal vesicles • Prostate gland • Bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands) • Functions: • Nourish spermatozoa • Transport spermatozoa • Neutralize acidity of male urethra and female vagina • Lubricate reproductive tract during intercourse • Prevent infection with antibacterial enzymes and antibodies

  20. The Urethra and Penis • Urethra • Carries urine from bladder • Carries reproductive cells outside body • Penis • Corpus spongiosum • Corpus cavernosum • Glans penis • Prepuce (foreskin)

  21. Figure 23-5 Cross-section of the penis. What subdivision of the penis contains the urethra?

  22. Ejaculation • Reflex centers in spinal cord initiate process • Smooth muscle contraction in prostate • Skeletal muscle contraction in pelvic floor • Forceful expulsion of semen through urethra to outside

  23. ✓ The Male Reproductive System Checkpoints 22-6What is the order in which sperm cells travelthrough the ducts of the male reproductive system? 22-7What glands, aside from the testis, contributesecretions to semen?

  24. Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction Learning Outcome 5. Identify the two hormones that regulate the production and development of the male gametes.

  25. Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction • Anterior pituitary produces hormones that control testes • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) • Promotes spermatozoa formation • Luteinizing hormone (LH) • Stimulates testosterone development • Aids sperm cell development

  26. ✓ Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction Checkpoint 22-8What two pituitary hormones regulate both maleand female reproduction?

  27. The Effects of Aging on Male Reproduction • Decreasing • Testosterone production • Spermatozoa production • Prostate secretions • Seminal vesicle secretions

  28. Disorders of the Male Reproductive System Learning Outcome 6.Discuss disorders of the male reproductive system.

  29. Disorders of the Male Reproductive System • Infertility • Sterility • Oligospermia (tubule damage) • X-rays • Infections • Toxins • Malnutrition • Vasectomy

  30. Structural Disorders • Cryptorchidism • Torsion of testis • Hernia • Phimosis

  31. Figure 23-6 Torsion of the testis.

  32. Infections • Sexually transmitted infection (STI) spread through sexual contact • Chlamydia • Gonorrhea • Genital herpes • Syphilis • Epididymitis • Prostatitis • Orchitis

  33. Tumors • Prostate tumors • Can be benign or malignant • Most common cancer of men in United States • Testicular tumors

  34. ✓ Disorders of the Male Reproductive System Checkpoint 22-9What are some infectious diseases of the malereproductive tract?

  35. The Female Reproductive System Learning Outcome 7.Name the gonads and accessory organs of the female reproductive system and cite the function of each.

  36. The Female Reproductive System • Ovaries (female gonads) • Uterus • Passageways • Oviduct (fallopian tube or uterine tube) • External genital organs

  37. Figure 23-8 Female reproductive system. What is the deepest part of the uterus called? The most inferior portion?

  38. The Ovaries • Located in pelvic abdomen • Held by ligaments • Attached to uterus and body wall

  39. Figure 23-9 Microscopic view of the ovary.

  40. The Ova and Ovulation • Ovarian follicle (graafian follicle) • Holds ripening ova • Secretes estrogen • Ruptures to discharge egg cell (ovulation) • Oviduct • Tube that leads to uterus

  41. The Corpus Luteum • Formed from remains of follicle after ovum is expelled • Secretes estrogen and progesterone • Usually shrinks and is replaced by scar tissue • Remains active during pregnancy

  42. Accessory Organs • Uterine tubes • Uterus • Vagina • Greater vestibular glands • Vulva and perineum

  43. Figure 23-10 Female reproductive system (sagittal section). Which has the more anterior opening, the vagina or the urethra?

  44. The Uterine Tubes • Extend from near ovary to uterus • Not connected to ovary • Fimbriae produce current that sweeps ova into oviduct • Cilia in tube lining and peristalsis of tube move ova

  45. Figure 23-11 The uterus in microscopic view. In which part of the menstrual cycle is the endometrium most highly developed?

  46. The Uterus • Organ in which fetus develops to maturity • Corpus • Body • Cervix • Neck • Fundus • Supporting ligaments • Myometrium • Muscular wall • Endometrium • Specialized epithelium lining

  47. The Vagina • Distal part of birth canal that opens to outside of body • Fornix • Posterior fornix • Cul-de-sac (rectouterine pouch or pouch of Douglas) • Hymen • Greater vestibular (Bartholin) glands

  48. The Vulva and the Perineum • External parts of female reproductive system • Vulva • Labia • Clitoris • Related structures • Obstetrical perineum

  49. Figure 23-12 External parts of the female reproductive system.

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