DO NOW

1. DO NOW • WHERE WERE YOU DURING 9/11? • WHAT DOES THIS MOMENT IN HISTORY MEAN TO YOU AND HOW DOES IT AFFECT OUR LIVES AS AMERICANS TODAY???

2. DO NOW • WHAT ARE YOUR THOUGHTS ON THE 9/11 ATTACKS • DO YOU BELIEVE THAT AMERICAN HAS MOVED PAST THESE TERRORISTS ATTACKS? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER Section 1

3. Unit II: Islamophobia Section 1

4. Section 1: 9/11 Attacks Section 1

5. The September 11 attacks (also referred to as September 11, September 11th or9/11) were a series of four coordinated suicide attacks upon the United States in New York City and the Washington, D.C., area on September 11, 2001. On that Tuesday morning, 19 terrorists from the Islamist militant group al-Qaeda hijacked four passenger jets. The hijackers intentionally crashed two planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City; both towers collapsed within two hours. • 1. 911 attacks • 2. al-Qaeda (1988-today) • 1. were a series of four coordinated suicide attacks upon the United States in New York City and the Washington D.C. area by al-Qaeda • 2. Islamist militant group founded by Osama bin Laden

6. 911 attacks in New York: The hijackers intentionally crashed two planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City; both towers collapsed within two hours. Section 1

7. 9/11 Timeline • http://www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacks/videos?paidlink=1&vid=HIS_SEM_Search&keywords=september%2B11%2Battack%2Bwtc&utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=september%2011&utm_term=september%2011%20attack%20wtc#911-timeline Section 1

8. Hijackers crashed American Airlines Flight 77 into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. The fourth jet, United Airlines Flight 93, crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, after passengers attempted to take control before it could reach the hijacker's intended target in Washington, D.C. Nearly 3,000 died in the attacks. • 3. American Airlines Flight 77 • 3. crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia Section 1

9. How the towers collapsed • http://www.history.com/videos/911-timeline#how-the-towers-collapsed Section 1

10. It operates as a network comprising both a multinational, stateless armyand a radical Sunni Muslim movement calling for global Jihad. It has been designated a terrorist organization by the United States, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, NATO, and various other countries • 4. al-Qaeda’s cause • 5. jihad • 4. stateless army and a radical Sunni Muslim movement calling for global jihad • 5. “struggle in the way of God” holy war; defensive warfare Section 1

11. Birth of Al-Qaeda • http://www.history.com/topics/world-trade-center/media#birth-of-al-qaeda Section 1

12. Al-Qaeda ideologues envision a complete break from all foreign influences in Muslim countries, and the creation of a new Islamic world wide caliphate. Reported beliefs include that a Christian-Jewish alliance is conspiring to destroy Islam, which is largely embodied in the U.S.-Israel alliance, and that the killing of bystanders and civilians is religiously justified in jihad. • 6. Al-Qaeda ideologues • 7. U.S.-Israel alliance • 6. the killing of bystanders and civilians are religiously justified in jihad • 7. leaves al-Qaeda with beliefs that there is a Christian-Jewish alliance conspiring to destroy Islam

13. DO NOW • I WANT YOU TO CHOOSE THE OPPOSITION POSITION THAT YOU ORIGINALLY CHOOSE FOR YOUR ISLAMOPHOBIA PROJECT AND GIVE ME REASONS WHY THE MOSQUE SHOULD BE BUILT NEAR GROUND ZERO OR SHOULD NOT BE BUILT NEAR GROUND ZERO. • FOR EXAMPLE, IF YOU ARE AGAINST THE PARK 51 EXPLAIN TO ME WHY YOU THINK IT SHOULD BE BUILT. YOU HAVE UNTILL 1:32

14. DO NOW • WAS IT THE RELIGION OF ISLAM OR THE TERRORISTS THEMSELVES WHO CAUSED THE EVENTS OF 9/11 / THE TERRORISTS ATTACKS IN NEW YORK? • EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER. Section 1

15. DO NOW • A mosque is a place of worship for followers of Islam which literally means a place of prostration. • DO YOU AGREE WITH A MOSQUE AND AN ISLAMIC COMMUNITY CENTER BEING BUILT NEAR GROUND ZERO (WHERE THE TWIN TOWERS WERE DESTROYED ON 9/11). EXPLAIN WHY YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE.

16. 1. Arabs 2. Arabian peninsula 1. were a Semitic- speaking people who lived in the Arabian peninsula (were nomadic people) 2. a desert land sorely lacking in rivers and lakes Section 2: The Rise of Islam Section 1

17. Arabian Peninsula Section 1

18. 3. sheikh 4. polytheistic 3. a leader who was chosen from one of the leading families by a council of elders 4. most Arabs believed in many tribal gods Survival in such a harsh environment was not easy, and the Arabs organized into tribes to help one another. Each tribe was ruled by a sheikh. Section 1

19. Most early Arabs were polytheistic. The Arabs trace their ancestors to Abraham and his son Ishmael, who were believed to have built at Makkah the Kaaba, a house of worship whose cornerstone was a sacred stone, called the Black Stone. The Arabs recognized a supreme god named Allah but they also believed in other tribal gods. They revered the Kaaba for its association with Abraham. • 5. Kaaba • 6. Allah • 5. a house of worship whose cornerstone was a sacred stone, called the Black Stone • 6. the Arabs supreme God Section 1

20. What are the Five Pillars of Islam? What does the religion of Islam guarantee if you follow the Five Pillars of Islam? • Belief • Prayer • Charity • Fasting • Pilgrimage • The faithful who follow the law are guaranteed a place in eternal paradise Section 1

21. DO NOW • EXPLAIN WHAT THE KAABA IS? WHAT IS THE ARAB NAME FOR GOD? Section 1

22. Into this world of tension stepped Muhammad. Born in Makkah to a merchant family, he became an orphan at the age of five. He grew up to become a caravan manager and married a rich widow named Khadija, who was also his employer. Over time, Muhammad became troubled by the growing gap between what he saw as the simple and generosity of most Makkans and the greediness of the rich trading elites in the city. Deeply worried, he began to visit the hills to meditate. During one of these visits, Muslims believe, Muhammad received revelations from God. • 7. Muhammad • 8. Khadija • 7. Islamic prophet who believed that the final revelations of Allah were given to him • 8. rich widow, employer and wife of Muhammad Section 1

23. Muhammad came to believe that Allah had already revealed himself in part through Moses and Jesus and---thus through Hebrew and Christian traditions. He believed however, that the final revelations of Allah were now being given to him. Out of these revelations, which were eventually written down, came the Quran. The Quran contains the ethical guidelines and laws by which the followers of Allah are to live. • 9. Quran • 10. Islam • 11. Muslims • 9. the holy book of the religion of Islam • 10. means “peace through submission to the will of Allah” monotheistic religion • 11. those who practice the religion of Islam Section 1

24. DO NOW • WHAT DOES ISLAM MEAN? WHAT ARE PEOPLE CALLED WHO PRACTICE ISLAM AND TELL ME THE NAME OF THEIR HOLY BOOK (BIBLE)? IS MUSLIM AN ETHNICITY (RACE)? Section 1

25. After receiving the revelations Muhammad returned home and reflected upon his experience. His wife, Khadija, urged him to follow Gabriel’s message, and she became the first convert to Islam. Muhammad then set out to convince the people of Makkah of the truth of the revelations. • People were surprised at his claims to be a prophet. The wealthy feared his attacks on corrupt society would upset the established social and political order. After three years of preaching, he had only 30 followers. Section 1

26. Muhammad became discouraged by the persecution of his followers, as well as by the failure of the Makkans to accept his message. He and some of his closest supporters left Makkah and moved north to Yathrib, later renamed Madinah. The journey of Muhammad and his followers to Madinah is known as the Hijrah. The year the journey occurred, 622, became year 1 in the official calendar of Islam. • 12. Madinah • 13. Hijrah • 14. people of Madinah & Bedouins (Arabs in the desert) • 12. city of the prophet • 13. the journey of Muhammad and his followers to Madinah • 14. first Muslims converts Section 1

27. Muslims saw no separation between political and religious authority. Submission to the will of Allah meant submission to his prophet Muhammad. Muhammad soon became both a religious and political leader. His political and military skills enabled him to put together a reliable military force to defend himself and his followers. His military victories against Makkans began to attract large numbers of supporters. After conquering Makkah most of the townspeople converted to Islam. During a visit to the Kaaba, Muhammad declared it a sacred shrine. • 15. Muhammad • 16. hajj • 15. became both a religious and a political leader returned to Makkah and conquered city through defensive warfare • 16. the pilgrimage Muslims make to Makkah Section 1

28. Like Christianity and Judaism, Islam is monotheistic. Allah is the all-powerful being who created the universe and everything in it. Islam emphasizes salvation and offers the hope of an afterlife. Those who desire to achieve life after death must subject themselves to the will of Allah. Unlike Christianity, Islam does not believe that its first preacher was divine. Muhammad was considered a prophet, similar to Moses, but he was also a man like other men. Muslims believe that human beings rejected Allah’s earlier messengers, Allah sent his final revelation to Muhammad. Section 1

29. The Five Pillars of Islam • (1.) Belief (Believing there is no deity but the One God, and Muhammad is his messenger.) • (2.) Prayer (Performing the prescribed prayers five times a day.) • (3.) Charity (Giving part of one’s wealth to the poor “giving alms”) • (4). Fasting (Refraining from food and drink from dawn to sunset through the month of Ramadan) • (5.) Pilgrimage (Making a pilgrimage to Makkah once in a lifetime) • The faithful who follow the law are guaranteed a place in eternal paradise Section 1

30. 17. shari’ah 17. a law code which provides leaders with a set of practical laws to regulate their daily lives Does not separate religious matters from civil or political law Those who follow the Five Pillars of Islam are guaranteed a place in an eternal paradise. Islam is not just a set of religious beliefs but a way of life as well. After Muhammad’s death, Muslim scholars developed a law code known as the shari’ah. It is based on scholars’ interpretations of the Quran and the example set by Muhammad in his life. The Shari’ah applies the teachings of the Quran to daily life. It regulates all aspects of Muslim life invluding family life, business practice, government and moral conduct. Section 1

31. DO NOW • EXPLAIN WHAT SHARI’AH IS TO MUSLIMS. Section 1

32. The Window Washer • http://www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacks/media#the-window-washer Section 1

33. Carmen and Arturo • http://www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacks/media#carmen-and-arturo • Carmen and Arturo Griffith operated elevators in the twin towers and struggled to survive the events of 9/11. Section 1

34. Rescue and Survival • http://www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacks/media#911-rescue-and-survival Section 1

35. Heroism on 9/11 • http://www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacks/media#heroism-on-911 Section 1

36. Flight 93: Todd Beamer’s Story • http://www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacks/media#the-todd-beamer-story-lets-roll Section 1

37. DO NOW • What are the Five Pillars of Islam? What does the religion of Islam guarantee if you follow the Five Pillars of Islam? • LOOK IN YOUR NOTES! Section 1

38. DO NOW • WHAT PROBLEMS DID MUHAMMAD ENCOUNTER WHEN TRYING TO SPREAD THE MESSAGE OF ISLAM?????? • WHO WERE THE FIRST GROUP OF PEOPLE TO BE CONVERTED TO ISLAM?

39. DO NOW • IMAGINE THAT YOU ARE A NEWLY COVERTED MUSLIM (ONE WHO PRACTICES ISLAM) • WRITE A LETTER TO A FRIEND EXPLAINING HOW YOUR LIFE HAS CHANGED AND WHAT NEW RULES THAT YOU FOLLOW. WHAT IS YOUR DAILY LIFE LIKE? WHAT PRACTICES MUST YOU GIVE UP. (LOOK UNDER THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM IN YOUR NOTES!) Section 1

40. DO NOW • EXPLAIN THE CAUSES AND IDEOLOGIES OF THE AL-QAEDA. • LOOK IN YOUR NOTES IN SECTION 1 Section 1

41. DO NOW • EXPLAIN WHAT SHARI’AH IS TO MUSLIMS. • LOOK IN YOUR NOTES Section 1

42. Muhammad had been accepted as both the political and religious leader of the Islamic community. The death of Muhammad left his followers with a problem: Muhammad had never named a successor. Although he had several daughters, he had left no son. In a male-oriented society, who would lead the community of the faithful?

43. 1. Abu Bakr 2. caliph 1. A wealthy merchant and Muhammad’s father-in-law, named caliph (leader) 2. successor to Muhammad Section 3: The Arab Empire and Its Successors:Shortly after Muhammad’s death, some of his closest followers chose Abu Bakr to be their leader. He was named caliph, or successor to Muhammad. Under Bakr’s leadership, the Islamic movement began to grow. As the Romans had slowly conquered Italy, so also the Muslims expanded over Arabia and beyond. Section 1

44. 3. jihad 4. Muslim warrior’s belief 3. “struggle in the way of God” a holy war; defensive warfare 4. assured a place in Paradise if they died in battle Under Abu Bakr’s leadership, the Islamic movement began to grow. As the Romans had slowly conquered Italy, so also the Muslims expanded over Arabia, and beyond. Muhammad had overcome military efforts by the early Makkans to defeat his movement. The Quran permitted fair, defensive warfare as jihad. The Arabs were able to take control over parts of the Byzantine Empire, Egypt and other areas of northern Africa. To the east, the Arabs had conquered the entire Persian Empire by 650. The courage of Arab soldiers was enhanced by the belief that Muslim warriors were assured a place in Paradise if they died in battle.

45. Early caliphs ruled their far-flung empire from Madinah. After Abu Bakr died, problems arose over who should become the next caliph. There were no clear successors to Abu Bakr, and the first two caliphs to rule after his death were assassinated. In 656, Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law, was chosen to be caliph, but he too was assassinated after ruling for five years. • Conquered people were not forced to convert to Islam but were required to be loyal to Muslim rule and to pay taxes. Section 1

46. In 661, the general Mu’awiyah, the governor of Syria and one of Ali’s chief rivals, became caliph. He moved quickly to make the office of caliph, called the caliphate, hereditary in his own family. In doing this, he established the Umyyad dynasty. At the beginning of the eighth century, Arab armies conquered and converted the Berbers, a pastoral people living along the Mediterranean coast of northern Africa. In 717, another Muslim force had launched an attack on Constantinople with the hope of defeating the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines survived however, by destroying the Muslim fleet. This created an uneasy frontier in southern Asia Minor between the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic world. 5. Mu’awiyah (of no relation to Muhammad) 6. Umayyad dynasty 5. a general and governor of Syria; he established the first dynasty in Syria; a chief rival to Ali 6. First dynasty (family of rulers) in Islam Section 1

47. 7. internal struggles 8. Muslims on non-Arab background (under Arab rule) 9. Hussein (second son of Ali-(son-in-law of Muhammad) 7. threatened the empire’s stability 8. did not like the way local administrators favored the Arabs 9. led a revolt against Umayyad rulers In spite of Umayyad successes, internal struggles threatened the empire’s stability. Many muslims of non-Arab background, such as Persians and Byzantines, did not like the way local administrators favored the Arabs. A revolt took place in present-day Iraq. Hussein, second son of Ali—the son-in-law of Muhammad encouraged his followers to rise up against Umayyad rule. This struggle led to a split of Islam into two groups. Section 1

48. This struggle led to a split of Islam into two groups: the Sunnis and the Shiites. This political split led to the development of two branches of Muslims that persists to the present. The Sunnis are a majority in the Muslim world, but most of the people in Iraq and neighboring Iran consider themselves to be Shiites. Over the years, Shiites developed their own body of law, which differed from that of the Sunni majority. • 10. Group of Muslims who accept only the descendants of Ali (Muhammad) as the true rulers of Islam • 11. Group of Muslims who did not agree with Umayyad rule but accepted the Umayyad as their rulers. • 10. Shiite • 11. Sunnis Section 1

49. This political split led to the development of two branches of Muslims that persists to the present. The Sunnis are a majority in the Muslim world, but most of the people in Iraq and neighboring Iran consider themselves to be Shiites. Shiite minorities continue to exist in Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, India, Pakistan and east Africa. Section 1

50. DO NOW • ANALYZE THE KEY SPLIT BETWEEN TWO GROUPS THAT OCCURS IN ISLAM. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE SUNNIS AND THE SHIITES WHEN IT COMES TO LEADERS?????? • LOOK IN YOUR NOTES ON SECTION 3!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!