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SYNONYMS

SYNONYMS. Definition of Synonymy Criteria of Synonymy Types of Synonyms Types of Connotations Sources of Synonymy. Synonyms. words of the same language belong to the same part of speech possess one or more identical or nearly identical denotational meanings

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SYNONYMS

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  1. SYNONYMS

  2. Definition of Synonymy • Criteria of Synonymy • Types of Synonyms • Types of Connotations • Sources of Synonymy

  3. Synonyms • words of the same language • belong to the same part of speech • possess one or more identical or nearly identical denotational meanings • interchangeable, at least in some contexts

  4. Synonyms • differ in morphemic shape • differ in phonemic shape • differ in shades of meaning, connotations • differ in style, idiomatic use

  5. Criteria of Synonymy • conceptual criterion • the criterion of interchangeability • semantic criterion

  6. Conceptual Criterion • convey the same concept • differ in shades of meaning • differ in stylistic characteristics BUT:Washington is the capital of the USA.(referent is the same, but there’s no linguistic relationship of synonymity)

  7. Semantic Criterion • have the same denotation • differ in connotations

  8. Semantic Criterion

  9. The Criterion of Interchangeability • interchangeable at least in some contexts without any considerable alteration in denotational meaning

  10. The Criterion of Interchangeability e.g. pretty, good-looking, handsome, beautiful girl e.g. He glared at her (angrily) He glazed at her (with admiration or interest) He glanced at her (briefly)

  11. Classification of Synonyms (by V.V. Vinogradov) • absolute – words coinciding in all their shades of meaning and in all their stylistic characteristics

  12. Classification of Synonyms (by V.V. Vinogradov) • ideographic(denotational)– words conveying the same concept but differing in shades of meaning • e.g. to look – to see – to gaze – to glare

  13. Classification of Synonyms (by V.V. Vinogradov) • stylistic – words differing in stylistic characteristics • e.g. father – Dad - Daddy

  14. Types of Connotations • connotation of degree or intensity e.g. to like – to admire – to love – to adore – to worship • connotation of duration e.g. to shudder (brief) – to shiver (lasting)

  15. Types of Connotations • emotive connotations e.g. to tremble – to shiver – to shudder (emotion of fear, horror, disgust) – to shake • evaluative connotation – attitude towards the referent, labeling it as good or bad e.g. well-known – famous - notorious (negative connotation) - celebrated

  16. Types of Connotations • causative connotation e.g. to blush from modesty, shame or embarrassment to redden from anger or indignation • connotation of manner e.g. to stroll – to stride – to trot – to pace - to swagger – to stagger – to stumble

  17. Types of Connotations • connotation of attendant circumstances e.g. to peep at smb/smth through a hole, a crack or opening, from a half-closed door, a curtain to peer at smb/smth in darkness, through the fog, from a great distance, through dimmed glasses or windows

  18. Types of Connotations • stylistic connotation e.g. (girl)girlie (colloquial), lass, lassie (dialect), bird, birdie, jane, fluff, skirt (slang), maiden (poetic), damsel (archaic)

  19. Dominant Synonym • high frequency of usage • broad combinability • broad general meaning • lack of connotations e.g. to look – to glare – to gaze to make – to produce – to create – to fabricate - to manufacture

  20. Hyponymy • generic term –name for the notion of the genus as distinguished from the name of species – hyponyms e.g. animal - dog – wolf – mouse generic term names of the species included into generic term

  21. Sources of Synonyms

  22. Synonymic Differentiation • the word survived with a meaning more or less removed from the original one and became an obsolete or archaic word • obsolete and modern words exist in the language but the obsolete word has a very specific meaning e.g. girl – OE wench

  23. Sources of Synonyms • synonymic attraction - the referent which is very popular attracts a large number of synonyms e.g. • variants and dialects of English e.g. lass (Scottish) - girl (English) long-distance call (USA) – trunk call (British)

  24. Sources of Synonyms • word-building e.g. lab laboratory – shortening cheery - cheerfulaffixation anxiety – anxiousness • phrasal verbs and set expressions e.g. to continue – to go on to smoke – to have a smoke

  25. Sources of Synonyms • euphemisms – a shift of unpleasant meaning of a word to a more pleasant or milder one e.g. drunk – merry naked – in one’s birthday suit

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