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Chapter 33- Conditionals. Conditions: the Basics. A condition is, at its most basic, a compound sentence consisting of two parts: A “if” clause A main clause In grammatical terms, the “if” clause is called the protasis and the main clause is called the apodosis .
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Conditions: the Basics • A condition is, at its most basic, a compound sentence consisting of two parts: • A “if” clause • A main clause In grammatical terms, the “if” clause is called the protasis and the main clause is called the apodosis.
Conditions: the Basics protasis apodosis If you give a mouse a cookie, protasis apodosis he’s going to want a glass of milk.
Types of Conditions Conditions, like all other verbs, can only occur at three times: present, past, and future. All the tenses have one ‘simple’ condition and one ‘subjunctive’ condition. The simple (indicative) constructions show conditions that are likely, while the subjunctive conditionals show hypothetical conditions Present: simple, contrary-to-fact Past: simple, contrary-to-fact Future: simple (more vivid), less vivid
Simple Conditions Simple Conditions refer to reality and, therefore, employ only ***indicative*** verbs. Present simple conditions use the present indicative, Past simple conditions use any past tense (imperfect, perfect, pluperfect) in the indicative, and Future simple conditions use the future indicative. Sī laetus es, laeta sum. = If you’re happy, I’m happy. Sī amīcōs habēbat, fortunam bonam habēbat. = If he had friends, he had good fortune. Sī hostēs nōn vincēs, tē nōn laudābit. = If you will not (do not) conquer the enemies, I shall not praise you.
Translation Practice Examples: Sī Marcus mēcumpugnat, eumcertēsuperō. Sī ad īnsulamveniēs, tē semper amābis. SīRōmaeerāmus, civēstimēbāmus.
Contrary-to-Fact Conditions Contrary-to-fact conditions describe hypothetical statements and occur in 2 tenses of the subjunctive: The imperfect tense describes a present situation and the pluperfect tense describes a past situation. Sīpecūniammultamhabērem, urbemregerem. = If I possessed a lot of money, I would rule the city. Sī dictum verumamīcaedixisses, tēcumcedisset. = If you had told your girlfriend a true story, she would have gonewith you.
Translation Practice Examples: Sī mater vīveret, tuamamīcamamāret. Sīmilitēsiussisses, laetē ā tēiussīessent.
Future Less Vivid Condition The Future Less Vivid Condition is the basic “should/would” condition in Latin (i.e., If he should X, I would Y.) It is indicated by the present subjunctive. Sīīnsulāabeamus, mi amīce, fortunambonamhabeamus. = If we should leave this island, my friend, we would have good fortune. Sībonōsinveniatis, hostēsvincamus. = If you should find (some) good men, we would conquer the enemies.
Translation Practice Examples: Sī consilium in templō petam, ā deīs detur. Sī hostibus nostram urbem tradamus, nōs, patrēs conscriptī, nōn valeamus! Sī moenia oppidī vincant, eōs pugnem aut ā eīs interficiar.
Mixed Conditions While Wheelock (for now) will only be giving you the pure forms of these Conditions, please note that you can have mixed Conditions in which you have a protasis that indicates one type and an apodosisthat indicates another type. Just focus on the type of condition for each clause and translate accordingly. Si laboravisset, pecuniam non optaret Si laborabat , pecuniam non optabit . Another common trend in Latin is to replace the usual verb of the protasis with an imperative or jussive/hortatory subjunctive Condition.
Translation Practice Examples: Sīsolumvirumbonuminveniamus, nōs ad gloriamfamamqueducet! Sīnostrōs in bellum nōnduxissem, abhostibusnōninterficerentur.
