Chapter 17

1. Chapter 17 Foreign and Defense Policy: Protecting the American Way

2. The Roots of U.S. Foreign and Defense Policy • The United States as Global Superpower • The Cold War and Vietnam • Détente and Disintegration of the “Evil Empire” • A New World Order • The War on Terrorism • The Iraq War

3. The United States as Global Superpower • Before WWII, the U.S. Was an isolationist country, deliberately avoiding a large role in world affairs. • A different America emerged from a war , the U.S. Had become an internationalist country, deeply involved in the affairs of other nations. • U.S. National security policy after WWII was built on concern with the power and intentions of the Soviet Union. • It contributed to the formulation of the doctrine of containment, which was based on the idea that the Soviet Union was an aggressor nation that had to be stopped from achieving its territorial ambitions.

4. The Cold War and Vietnam • Developments in the 1940s embroiled the U.S. in a lengthy period after WWII when the U.S. and the USSR were not engaged in actual combat but were still in hostility • The structure of international power was bipolar: the U.S. Stood firmly against the Soviet Union. • The cold war included U.S. Support for governments threatened by communist takeovers. • For the U.S., a major turning point in foreign policy was the Vietnam War. • By the late 1960s, 550,000 Americans were on station in South Vietnam. • Vietnam was a guerrilla war, with no front lines and few set battles. • U.S. Combat troops left Vietnam in 1973, and 2 yrs. Later North Vietnamese forces concluded their takeover. • Vietnam was the most painful and costly war: 58,000 American solders lost their lives in fighting.

5. Détente and Disintegration of the “Evil Empire” • America's defeat in Vietnam forced U.S. Policymakers to reconsider the country's international role. • This marked the start of a new era of communication and cooperation called détente (French for relaxing), between the U.S. And Soviet Union. • U.S. Policymakers did not realize it, but the Soviet Union was collapsing under its heavy defense expenditures, isolation from Western technology, and inefficient centralized command economy. • In 1989, the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Eastern Europe accelerated a pro-democracy movement.

6. A New World Order • The end of the cold war prompted the 1st President Bush in 1990 to call for “new world order.” • The concept emphasized multilateralism, the idea that major nations should act together in response to problems and crises. • Multilateralism characterized the U.S. response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 which led to the Gult operation. • Multilateralism was also applied to the Balkans in 1992. • All these examples indicate, multilateralism has been only partly successful as a strategy for resolving international conflicts.

7. The War on Terrorism • When George W. Bush took office in 2001 he declared the U.S. would play a less active role in world affairs. • His position on America's role in the world changed when the World Trade Center and Pentagon were attacked, killing nearly 3,000 people. • The horror of September 11 prompted “the war on terrorism.” • This War is unlike past wars because most of its targets are not nations but groups engaged in terrorism that is aimed at U.S. interests at home and abroad. • 1st military operation was an attack on Afghanistan. • In 2002, President Bush labeled Iraq, Iran, and North Korea an “axis of evil.” • Shortly after he announced a new national security doctrine: the preemptive war doctrine.

8. The Iraq War • In 2002, Bush targeted Iraq's Saddam Hussein claiming that it had accumulated weapons of mass destruction. • Facing the possibility of a Middle Eastern war, America's European allies urged the disarmament of Iraq through UN weapons inspectors. • President Bush in March 2003 ordered U.S. forces to attack Iraq. • The American public initially had strongly backed the war on Iraq, came to question the war and its costs.

9. The Process of Foreign and Military Policymaking • The Policymaking Instruments • Diplomacy, one instrument of foreign policy, is the process of negotiation between countries. (Ex. Nations prefer to settle their differences by talking rather than fighting.) • Military Power, a second instrument of foreign policy can be used unilaterally that is, by a single nation acting alone. (Ex. Most countries use military power as a defensive measure.) • Economic exchange is a third instrument of world politics. (Ex. trade and assistance) • A fourth instrument of world politics is intelligence gathering, or the process of monitoring other countries' activities. (Ex. All nations pursue their individual self-interest.) • The Policymaking Machinery • Defense Organizations • Intelligence Organizations • Diplomatic Organizations • Economic Organizations

10. Defense Organizations • The Department of Defense, which has more than 1 million uniformed personnel and 700,000 civilian employees, is responsible for military security of the U.S. • The president also receives military advice from the Joint Chiefs of Staff. • In, 2002 the Department of Homeland Security was created to coordinate domestic efforts to protect the U.S. from terrorist attacks. • Of the country's military alliances, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is the most important.

11. Intelligence Organizations • Foreign and military policy requires a high state of knowledge about what is happening in the world. • Responsibility for the gathering of such information falls to specialized federal agencies, including the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) • The National Security Agency, which specializes in electronic communication analysis.

12. Diplomatic Organizations • The Department of State conducts most of the country's day-to-day business with foreign countries through its embassies, headed by U.S. Ambassadors. • America's diplomatic efforts also take place through international organizations like the Organization of American States (OAS) and the UN. • Some analysts believe that the UN might someday be able to play the large role in international affairs that was envisioned for it when it chartered.

13. Economic Organizations • The increased importance of the global economy has brought to the force a new set of government agencies, those representing economic sectors. • The U.S. also works through major international organizations that promote goals such as economic development and free trade that are consistent with U.S. policy objectives.

14. Military in National Security • United States military spends more than twice the amount than the other NATO allies. • Defense Capability • Assessment of military power is traditionally based on the number of planes, tanks, and other weapons a nation has. • Although the United Superpower because of the strength of its conventional forces they practices the deterrence policy. • Deterrence policy: idea that nuclear war can be discouraged if each side in a conflict has the capacity to destroy the other with nuclear weapons.

15. Uses of Military Power • United States military is trained for six types of military actions • Unlimited Nuclear Warfare • Preparing for an all-out nuclear war with the 3 way nuclear weapon launch (nuclear triad). • Submarine, land, bombers • This lets the military have the second strike capability (able to strike after being hit with nuclear weapons) • Limited Nuclear Warfare • Preparing for a single nuclear weapon attack

16. Uses of Military Power • Unlimited Conventional Warfare • Preparing for an attack on United states allies. • Limited Conventional Warfare • Comes into play when other methods fail • Counterinsurgency • United States involvement in Third World insurgencies • Insurgency: type of military conflict in which irregular soldiers rise up against an established regime. • Police-Type Action • Defending against other global problems such as drug trafficking, political instability, population movement, and terrorism. • However, they are reluctant to get involved in police-type action such as immigration control and airport security.

17. Politics of National Defense • Public Opinion and Elite Conflict • Defense policy is a mix of majoritarian and elite politics. • Majority opinion is vital on broad national concern • Political Elites focus more on foreign and defense policy • The Military-Industrial Complex • The three components (the military establishment, the industries that manufacture weapons, and members of Congress from states and districts that depend heavily on the arms industry) that mutually benefits from a high level of defense spending

18. Economics in National Security • Economic strength is the prerequisite to military strength. • Changing World Economy • After WWII the united states helped establish a global trading system. • Marshall Plan • The economic terms the world in tripolar • United States (20% of world good and services) • Weakest and the strongest • Japan and China (15%) • The twenty-five-country EU( 25%)

19. America’s Global Economic Goals • Sustaining a stable and open system f trade that will promote prosperity at home • Maintaining access to energy and other resources vital to the strength of the U.S. economy • Keeping the widening gap between the rich and poor countries from destabilizing the world economy

20. America’s Global Economic Goals • There has been an increase interdependence of nations’ economies (Economic Globalization) • Opportunity and threat to the United States economic interest

21. A New World • Since September 11, 2001, global terrorism has become America’s to priority. • The nation’s intelligence and law-enforcement agencies have been reorganized to increase their capacity to blunt threat. • The United States has become more involved with the Arab world in general.