Review & Research

1. Review &Research Sergio Pizziconi

2. Plan of the day Cp R WDYM Library? • Review • Q&A • How to do research: searching the net for academic sources Plan EXTRA-CLASS work: read Keep on working on your CVs and cover letter [try to make the sample letter in the text-book YOUR OWN letter] Write your project proposal. [if you send your proposal by email (recommended), pretend it is a “business letter” addressed to me as if we had never met before] [SUBMISSION DUE BY APRIL 19th]

3. Review: Phonology 1/1 Vowels: exercises from /i/ to /a/ and from /u/ to /ɒ/ (lowering your jaw) from /i/ to /u/ mind driven; puff of air (see IPA chart). // Where accent falls is relevant: 1) OBject (n.) – obJECT (v.), 2) if lost, stress the first syllable, you’re likely to sound right. // Stress movement shortens/weakens previously stressed vowels (also in writing): proNOUNce  pronunCIAtion // This Miss /s/ unvoiced These Ms. /z/ voiced// “gh” mute (though, thought) OR /f/ (rough, tough)

4. Review: Morphology 1/1 ADJ+lyADV; N+lyADJ // V+erN(s.o./s.t. does V) // To+N(and mostwords)V (googleto google; wowto wow) // V + ance/ence N (differ+ence, perfom+ance) // Help+lessantonymhelp+ful// Adj+ en  V (tomakes.o./s.tAdj) // Adj(max2syll.) + er  Adj (comparative: more Adj) Adj(max2syll.) + est  Adj (superlative: mostAdj) BUT: good – better – best; bad – worse – worst // Singular: Thesis, Analysis, Hypothesis, Axis /s/ unvoiced Plural: Theses, Analyses, HypothesesAxes /z/ voiced // Datum (sing.) Data (pl.) Criterion, phenomenon (sing.) Criteria, phenomena (pl.)

5. Review: Syntax 1/3 Verbs: transitive Vs. intransitive (Directobject, Indirectobject, Oblique object)// passive Vs. active (mentioned)// AUXILIARY verbfor the perfecttenses (actually, aspect) ALWAYS tohave (e.g., Thingshavechanged) BUT: passive voice (e.g., Ruleswerechangedby the CEO) or fewconstructions (e.g., are youfinished?) // Phrasalverbs. Verb+ ADV or Prep. Tobringabout = to cause, toengender (causare, determinare) // Typicaldeclarativesentencestructure: Subj + Verb +….. Typical negative: Subject + do/does/did+ not+ V(base form) Typicalquestion: Do/Does/Did+ Subject + V(base form) N.B. When some sortofauxiliaryisalready in the sentence USE IT insteadofaddingto do Emphatic statement Subj+do/does/did+V(base form) // Whatbringsaboutunemployement? (what= SUBJECT) Whatdoesunemploymentbringabout? (what = ????)

6. Review: Syntax 2/3 Skoda is…, Italy/France/Japanis… [WITHOUT article] BUT The UnitedStatesof America, The United Kingdom, The Netherlands // Once upon a timetherewasasmallvillage in the country. Thevillagewas… In light of (mainly US) In the light of (mainly UK) [seeFOEsfor possessive case and article]// TRANSITIVE: toraise (raised – raised); tolay (laid – laid) INTRANSITIVE: to rise (rose – risen); tolie (lay – lain) (lying) N.B.: tolie(tosaysomethinguntrue) (lied – lied) (lying)

7. Review: Syntax 3/3 Syntax: Modalverbs: can, may, will, shall, must, could, might, would, should + BARE INFINITIVE (withoutto) Interrogative: MODAL + Subj + BARE INFINITIVE (must I go?) Negative: Subj + MODAL + not + BARE INFINITE (I mustn’t go, I cannot go OR I can’t go, I won’t go) They do not take tobefore or after: WRONG Tomay, tomust, tocould… WRONG WRONG I can to go, youmaytotalk… WRONG They do not take –sfor 3° personsingular WRONG hecans do, shemaysdo… WRONG Theyhave no tenseit’s a matterofdistancefrom reality: Nextyear, I am/willbe/can be/ maybe/couldbe/mightbe in the UK

8. Review: Pragmatics 1/1 Pragmatics: Do not pick on students or class fellows. //“See you later.”// Language varies across jobs. //Think it over before saying “No, this is wrong” Recommended: “Very interesting point/question. Let me point out though that…” or some sort of hedging (softening expression).//FORMAL: Dr. Pizziconi, your course is interesting [NOT: his/her]. INFORMAL: Sergio, your course is interesting. {“On a first name basis” “May I call you Sergio?”}.// How is it going? How (are) you doing? What’s up? Wassup? Sup?  It’s always Good.// Expectation of truthful statement. // Lag time between turns: When asking for questions, wait for a longer time.// Greetings (see next slide)//

9. Review: Pragmatics (Appendix) Pragmatics:

10. Review: Tools 1/1 Tools: www.thefreedictionary.com Also, the financial and legal dictionaries within and the Idioms section. // Check for the frequency of sentences googling them in quotes “……..” // Semantics of prototypes // Google advanced search: with pdf and site: .edu (US universities) or .ac.edu (UK universities) SUNECO’s library’s link to “online sources” (Open access journals)

11. FOEs 1/3 - Information (uncountable: much information NOT many informations , NOT an information) • Economy Vs Economics • Security (against criminal actions) Vs Safety (against dangerous actions) • Across (time, space whether real or abstract) Vs Through (space; means/tool) - Frequent (a bar, a restaurant) Vs attend (a course/program/school) • I study English Vs I study the English language • Aim/Attempt at (+ N; V-ing) OR to (+ V-base form) - A + consonant sound! OR pronounced h : a house, a university An + vowel sound! OR mute h: an unpredictable even, an hour.

12. FOEs 2/3 - I’m graduated FROM Aversa high school I graduated FROM/AT Aversa high school - Such as (listing examples) as (in the function of) - Comparison and manner: As (+entire clause) like (+noun) • Wal-Mart is one of the largest employers in the US. In fact it’s the largest (A dire il vero) • Industry usually means productive sector. Plant, factory (are the words for the place where things are manufactured) • When a word is not used because of its meaning but as a word to be dealt with, mark it somehow: The verb can expresses…; The verb “can” expresses…; The verb can expresses

13. FOEs 3/3 • What’s wrong in the sentence below? • Is more correct to use “may” to mean permission. • You need a subject! • Io sono d’accordo  I agree with+N/ to +Vbase form (clause)…. [NOT: I am agree] • A Facebook page is/isn’t useful to keep in touch [NOT for to keep in touch] • Possessive case: The doctor’s house Vs X Dr. Smith’s house The consumer’s choice Vs The consumers’ choice BUT The child’s toy Vs The children’s toy BUT X Giordano’s book Vs The Giordano book

14. Research DISCLAIMER • What follows is the most basic structure of research. • Each discipline has its own epistemology • It might use different terms • It might have fewer or more steps

15. Research STAGES of the RESEARCH (long) process a) The Huh?! stage b) Preliminary observation c) Hypothesis/es d) Literature review e) Data collection f) Interpretation. You observe some “weird” thing. “All the characters in The Simpsons are yellow. How come?” Hypotheses: 1) The creators wanted to talk about human beings without ethnic differences; 2) It’s to differentiate the show from other cartoons Literature review (secondary sources) Data collection (primary sources) Interpretation

16. Reading: asos.com • Any question? • Start an individual worksheet. Entitle it, “Conventional sentence structure”. Copy in a numbered list the sentences I will point you at. You will not submit this. ALWAYS BRING TO CLASS THIS WORKSHEET

17. About Projects 1/2 See Usage note in Thefreedictionary Regular path: • Choose one case study (Chp 2) • Compare the case in the text-book to/with (?) another case that you will choose and on which you can also find some related academic/professional sources • Write down a proposal by April 19th (email submission is allowed if you cannot talk to me during office hours): • Name…… • Textbook’s case • Other case [Just name it and report a relevant URL] • Why? What is your goal? [explain] • Sources [Bibliographic references of at least two professional/academic articles]

18. About Projects 2/2 Individual path: • Think of your own interests (other classes you are taking, your forte, your strongest suit, your hobby, something weird you noticed) • Possibly compare two cases on which you can also find some academic/professional sources • Write down a proposal by April 19th (email submission is allowed if you cannot talk to me during office hours): • Name…… • Your interest [Just name it] • The case/s [Just name it/them and report relevant URL/URLs] • Why? What is your goal? [explain] • Sources [Bibliographic references of at least three professional/academic articles]