Napoleon Bonaparte

1. Napoleon Bonaparte 1769-1821

2. Rise through the ranks • Military school • 1796 Directory appointed command of French Army • Liberator of Northern Italy • Most popular general in Europe

3. Italian Campaign • 1796 • Directory wanted to defeat Austria • Napoleon to create a diversion • Destroyed the Austrian rear guard • Often led the way himself • Courage made him a legend • April 1797 truce was signed

5. Egypt Campaign • May 19, 1798 • Napoleon’s army stranded due to naval loss to British • Cairo- “forty centuries look down upon us” • Courageous soldiers no match for European weaponry • Revolutionized Egypt • Most popular General in France

6. Seizes power • 1799 • Directory lost it’s confidence of people • November 9th, the Directory ended in a Coup • First council of French Republic • Actually really a dictator

7. Napoleon as Emperor • Elected leader? • Plebiscite • 1800 Gave all real power to Napoleon • 1st Council for life in 1802 • 1804 Emperor (Dec. 2)

8. Economic Achievement • Collected taxes effectively • National Bank • Commercial and military Roads • Balance Budget

9. Economic order • Strengthened Agriculture • Build up manufacturing • Stimulate Commerce • Slowed inflation • National Bank • Urban Poor able to eat

10. Social Order • Émigrés returned to France • Promotion based on merit not nobility • Bourgeoisie pleased • Imperial University • Education for all (Lycees)

11. Religious Order • Concordat 1801 • “Faith of the great majority of Frenchmen” • Free worship • Catholics favored but not dominant

12. Legal Order • Napoleonic Code 1801-1804 • Equality of All before law • Individuals to choose profession • Equality of Punishment • Torture abolished • Abolished the Three Estates • Censor newspaper • Slavery restored in colonies • Napoleon exempt from Laws

13. Journal Entry • Based upon what we learned about Napoleon’s reforms for France, do you think he was good or bad for France? How did he treat the ideas from the Revolution? Did he move France forward in social and political progress, or did he move them a step back?

14. Battles of Napoleon • Conquered many countries • Took over part of Italy, set up gov’t in Switzerland • Britain set up third Coalition • Russia, Austria, Sweden, Prussia, Britain • Napoleon not fazed • Tactics: • Rapid offensives supported by heavy barrages of artillery • Large# troops concentrated in key battle positions. Living off the land

15. Battle of the Ulm • October 1805 • Invading Austrian Empire • 50,000 Austrians forced to surrender

16. Battle of Austerlitz • December 1805 • 73,000 French defeated 87,000 Russians and Austrians • 20,000 prisoners, 15,000 dead • Austria forced to make peace

17. Battle of Jena • October 1086 • Against Prussia • Devastating victory • Killing or wounding 27,000, 18,000 prisoners • French Troops occupied Berlin • Began to March East

18. Battle of Freidland • June 1807 • Against the Russians, Czar Alexander I • Divide Europe • France could dominate as far east as Poland • Russia could attack the Ottoman Empire • Treaty of Tilsit

19. Battle of Trafalgar • October 1805 • Only major battle Napoleon lost up until this time • Southern coast of Spain • 33 ships destroyed by 27 British • Crushed Napoleon’s plans to invade Britain • Haratio Nelson • Napoleon did not consider this decisive

21. Napoleon’s Stronghold • Napoleon built greatest European empire since Rome • Map p. 666 • Either annexed, controlled most of Europe • The rest were attached through treaties • The vast empire lasted only 5 years

23. Continental system • Cut off trade with Britain • 1807- Blockade of British Ships • Not very successful • 1807- British placed blockade around closed ports • War of 1812 • U.S. ships stopped and caused War

24. Napoleon’s Downfall • Continental System • Problems in Spain • Invasion of Russia

25. Failures • Hurt France • French need for cotton, sugar, raw materials • Lack of Naval Power • Need for British goods on the continent

26. Problems in Spain • Guerilla warfare • 1808 Spain rejected Joseph as King • “little war” • Lost 300,000 men in this conflicts • Peninsular War • Fatally weakened French army

27. Russian Problems • Alliance with Alexander breaking up • Blockade hurting Russia • 1810- France annexed N. German states • 1812- Alexander restored Poland

28. Invasion of Russia • June 1812 • 450,000-600,000 men to invade Russia • Czar Alexander did not fight and continued to retreat • Scorched-earth policy • French troops and army could not survive • Czar burned down Moscow • Peace never came • Retreat

29. The Defeat of Napoleon • October 1813 Leipzig • Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, Sweden joined in Grand Alliance • Napoleon lost and army was cut in pieces • March 1814 armies marched in Paris • Napoleon was defeated and Exiled to Elba

30. 100 Days • March 1st 1815 • Landed in France • Within Days was emperor again • Grand Alliance reformed • British Army prepared near Waterloo

31. 100 Days cont.. • Battle of Waterloo • June 18, 1815 • British held ground • Reinforced by Prussian troops • French troops were exhausted and defeated • Napoleon exiled and sent to south Atlantic

32. Legacy • ”Such work as mine is not done twice in a century. I have saved the Revolution as it lay dying. I have cleansed it of its crimes and have held it up to the people shining with fame. I have inspired France and Europe with new ideas that will never be forgotten.”

33. Journal Entry • What do you think about this quote? Was Napoleon someone special in history? Can you think of anyone before or after him that did anything similar?