RE-THINKING POLICING… Changing a Mindset

1. RE-THINKING POLICING… Changing a Mindset Ken Burton Police Chief Columbia Police Department

2. Promoted to Sergeant 1988- Gang unit, Special Operations, Traffic (Motorcycles), and Patrol Promoted to Police Lieutenant- 1997 Promoted to Deputy Police Chief- 1999 Police Chief- Bryan, Texas 2000-2003 Police Chief- Haltom City, Texas 2003-2009 Police Chief- Columbia, Missouri 2009- present Bachelors Degree in Law Enforcement/ Police Science- 1977-Sam Houston State University Dallas, Texas PD- 1977-1981, Field Training Officer, 1979-1981 Private security industry- 1981-1985 Arlington, Texas Police Department- 1985 Ken Burton

3. History of policing- “How did we get here?” Traditional Policing concepts Community policing concepts A comparison: Traditional and community based concepts The police sub-culture and it’s effects The role of police in our society Crime Analysis “Predictive Policing”- Is it the future? Today’s Discussion

4. “THE TEST OF POLICE EFFICIENCY IS THE ABSENCE OF CRIME AND DISORDER… ...NOT THE EVIDENCE OF A POLICE ACTION TO DEAL WITH THEM.” --- SIR ROBERT PEEL, London Metropolitan Police- 1829

5. Peelian Principles • Whether the police are effective is not measured on the number of arrests, but on the lack of crime. • Above all else, an effective authority figure knows trust and accountability are paramount. Hence, Peel's most often quoted principle: “The police are the public and the public are the police.”

6. ---They wore uniforms ---They walked beats ---They worked from stations and were grouped into divisions Authority to use force prescribed by law Charged with controlling crime Public Watchmen Sir Robert Peel 1829 forms London Metropolitan Police Immediately corrupt Unsuccessful in crime control Influenced by wealthy merchants HISTORY OF POLICING

7. American Policing • Based on Peel Model • Control of police wildly partisan • Police became “adjuncts to the city political machines” • Corrupt • Enjoyed a fair degree of local support from the community

8. Automobiles introduced Radio communications introduced Many officers removed from walking beats Police performance increased (Really??) Walking beats the norm “Beat officers” known to their citizens Relations with citizens created a bond which made officers take “ownership” of their beat 1900 through the 1940’s

9. 1950 through the 1970’s • Computers and communication technology improved • Success measured by response times, crime statistics, and citizen complaints • Professional Police model developed

10. 1980 through today • Increased interest in evaluation research • Interest in other styles and methods led to experimentation • Development of Community Policing and Problem Oriented Policing • Crime Analysis is born • Progressive policing in both the traditional and problem oriented models • Recent interest in “Predictive Policing”

11. Most of workload involves crimes after they are committed Exceptions include Crime Prevention and Narcotics Incident driven Primary means of solving problems the CJ system The department’s performance measured by statistical comparisons Lack of involvement in decision making process by community or department employees The Traditional Police Service Model

12. Expectations of community and employees frequently not met: “Peace officers will have a high impact on crime” Uses specialized units with high degree of effectiveness Directed patrols Traffic Investigations Gang units Special Operations Narcotics/ Vice Crime Prevention The Traditional Police Service Model

13. COMMUNITYPOLICINGA definition... Community policing is a philosophy based on the concept that police officers and private citizens working together in creative ways can help solve contemporary community problems related to crime, the fear of crime, social and physical disorder, and neighborhood decay. (PROACTIVE)

14. Police are only agency of social control open 24/7 Must maintain ability to address immediate crises and crime incidents Tends to make us reactive Proactive policing broadens police role so…we can make a long term impact on quality-of-life and community concerns Proactive policing... Reality is... However...

15. Incident reactive Activity based on CFS No (or limited) community involvement Specialized units Patrol functions as report takers Role more complex Requires planning/research (Crime Analyst role?) Problem solving (Supervisors and Officers as strategists and critical thinkers) Philosophical Differences Community/Proactive TRADITIONAL

16. “The fact is, we're in the process of constructing the next iteration of police work. Initially, police were very reactive, responding to crimes after they'd been committed. Then proactive policing came in, and we talked about preventing crime. The next step is preventing crime in concert and with the blessings of the community. It's where we're going as a profession.” ---Chief Garry McCarthy, Newark, NJ Police Department

17. CRIME • FEAR OF CRIME • DISORDER • DECAY

18. To achieve these goals... • Police must develop new relationships with the law-abiding people in their community • Allow them a voice in setting local police priorities • Involve them in efforts to improve their own quality of life • Shift police focus from handling calls to “problem solving”

19. Curiosity Suspiciousness-of non-police Solidarity-taking care of one another Secrecy-protection from a perceived hostile environment Better understand behavior of others Understand public perceptions of police Police system, not personality, produces working personality Make informed choices about your own behavior The Police Sub-Culture Why examine police culture??

20. Police Role in Society(Officer Perspective) • Fight crime • Protect and serve • Promote public safety • Catch bad guys, drive fast, shoot guns, write tickets, etc.

21. Police Role in Society(Citizen Perspective) • Fight crime • Protect and serve • Promote public safety • Provide quality customer service ($160 to $190 worth)

22. “Police agencies are good at teaching officers physical skills, but now they need to focus on officers' interpersonal skills. Instead of focusing on building trust through community forums and other macro-level efforts, the focus is shifting to the micro level by building trust through individual contacts. We need to build community trust one interaction at a time." ---King County (WA) Sheriff Sue Rahr

23. PolicingI am a citizen…how does it affect me?? • The citizen is the “customer” • Citizens expect superior service • The police are an integral part of the community

24. “Unfortunately, communities disproportionately affected by crime are those that have the most strained relationships with police. To improve those relationships, people need to see us as legitimate in our ability to enforce laws fairly and impartially.” --- Commissioner Charles Ramsey, Philadelphia Police Department

25. Citizen Customers • For whom do we work? • To whom are we responsible? • Whose standards do we attempt to meet? • What is quality police customer service? • ...the citizen receives the basic protection expected of a police agency, delivered in an efficient and effective manner, from police who display a positive, friendly, helpful attitude.

26. “If we're going to make a culture change, we have to be very specific about what we're asking people to do and the guidance we're giving to our officers on the street.” ---King County (WA) Sheriff Sue Rahr

27. A new organizationalstrategy... • Challenging and enlisting people in policing themselves • Encouraging police officers to take police action based on what they should do, not on what they can do • Enhanced respect for officers judgment as police professionals

28. Requires freeing officers from “patrol duties” (How?) Accountability/ ownership Crime/Incident Analysis “Generalist” policing Community outreach Recognizing we are conduit to other public and private agencies Support and supervision of community based efforts aimed at local concerns A new organizational strategy...

29. Accountability • Clearly identify and assign responsibility • Insist on accountability at all levels • Encourage citizen involvement • Allow citizens to set priorities • Citizen service and satisfaction

30. NYPD, 1994COMPSTAT “But this is important: It wasn’t fatal if your crime went up. But it could be fatal if you had no plan. Jack Maple pounded that into us. He’d say, We’re not going to get mad at you if your burglaries are up. But if you don’t even know about the burglaries, or you don’t have a plan to address it, then you’ve got a problem.” ---- Edmund Hartnett, Former NYPD Captain, now Police Commissioner, Yonkers, NY

31. Support TopPerformers • High performance must be part of the organizational culture • Create outstanding value for those we serve • Create powerful meaning for those who work in our organization • Sustain it!

32. A new breed... • Community “oriented” officers • Community outreach specialists • Daily, face-to-face contact with citizens they serve, in clearly defined beat areas

33. Between police and citizens Based on mutual trust Challenges the public to accept their share of responsibility for overall quality of life in the community Slower response times for non-emergency calls Citizens asked to handle their own minor concerns Frees officer time to work with them on long-term solutions for pressing community concerns Clearer understanding of police role and limitations (How many officers are out there??) A new contract... Will likely mean...

34. A Crime Theory • RAVENOUS WOLVES • SITTING DUCKS • DENS OF INEQUITY

35. CRIME TRIANGLE LOCATION OFFENDER VICTIM

36. CRIME ANALYSISWhat do Police Commanders needfrom their Crime Analysts? • Identify emerging patterns, series, and trends as quickly as possible • Effective strategies and tactics to address crime and disorder • Analyzing beat and shift configurations for maximum potential • Providing data and information support for a police department's CompStat process

37. PredictivePolicing • “This is not about predicting the behavior of a specific individual, Rather, predictive policing deals with crime in the aggregate. It's about predicting the risk of certain types of crimes in time and space.” --- Jeffrey Brantingham- Anthropology professor at UCLA

38. What is Predictive Policing? • Predictive policing is based on the idea that some crime is random—but a lot isn't. • With Crime Analysis, we're talking about interpreting patterns of crime/incident data and then wisely deploying available resources. • Advocates of predictive policing say we can use computer models and data on previous crimes, physical environments and more… and scientists say they'll be able to mathematically predict crimes, thereby helping police anticipate criminal activity and prevent it.

39. What is Predictive Policing? • Crime Analysis tends to be more retrospective than prospective • Predictive policing collects data in real time and uses it to map probable hotspots in the near future • Advocates hypothesize that compared to "hotspot" policing—which bases patrols on past crime trends, rather than current incidents—predictive policing could raise the rate of crime that's predicted by several percentage points. • $3M LAPD study is ongoing

40. “EVERY SOCIETY GETS THE KIND OF CRIMINAL IT DESERVES... ...WHAT IS EQUALLY TRUE IS THAT EVERY COMMUNITY GETS THE KIND OF LAW ENFORCEMENT IT INSISTS ON.” ---Robert F. Kennedy