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Colonization, Civil Wars, and Revolutions: A Historical Overview of England and Scotland

This comprehensive review explores the complex history of England and Scotland, focusing on key events such as the colonization efforts in North America, the ramifications of the English Civil War, and the cultural shifts during the reigns of James I and Charles I. The analysis includes the impact of divine right, religious conflicts, and significant figures like John Smith and Oliver Cromwell. Furthermore, it examines the Thirty Years' War, the emergence of absolutism in France, and the political shifts following the Glorious Revolution, providing insights into the transformation of these nations during turbulent times.

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Colonization, Civil Wars, and Revolutions: A Historical Overview of England and Scotland

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Review – Test II

  2. England/Scotland & Colonization • James I of England / James VI of Scotland • Divine Right of Kings • Impositions • Religious Difficulties • Gunpowder Plot • Jamestown • John Smith • John Rolfe • Tobacco • Plymouth Colony • Other Colonization • France • Québec • Samuel de Champlain - “Father of New France” • Antoine Cadillac - Detroit • La Salle - Louisiana • New Netherlands • New Amsterdam

  3. English Civil War • Charles I • Forced Load • Religious conformity • Scottish Rebellion • The Great Migration • Massachusetts Bay Colony • Connecticut • New Haven • Maryland – Catholic • Short and Long Parliaments • John Pym • Grand Remonstrance • English Civil War • Cavaliers • Roundheads • Execution of Charles I

  4. The Thirty Years War • The Defenestration of Prague • Prague, Bohemia • The Bohemian Phase • (1618-1625) • The Huguenot Rebellions • Louis XIII • Cardinal Richelieu • La Rochelle • The Danish Intervention • (1625-1629) • Christian IV of Denmark • The Swedish Intervention • (1630-1635) • Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden • Portuguese Restoration War • 1640-1668 • The French Intervention • 1635–1648 • France & Sweden vs. Spain and Austria • The Treaty of Westphalia • 1648 • Fragmented Germany • Peace of Augsburg • Calvinism • Bavaria Elector • Brandenburg-Prussia • Swiss Confederacy and United Provinces (Netherlands )

  5. Philosophy & Science • Thomas Hobbes • Absolutism • Leviathan • “State of Nature” • Social Contract • John Locke • Critic of Absolutism • TwoTreatises of Government • Natural Law / Natural Rights • Life, Liberty, Property • Social Contract • “Natural Philosophers” • Ptolemaic / geocentric system • Ptolemy of Alexandria • Epicycles • Copernicus • Heliocentric Universe • On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres • Tycho Brahe • Most accurate astronomical data that had ever been acquired by observation with the naked eye • Johannes Kepler • Elliptical, not circular orbits • The New Astronomy • Galileo • Telescope • Dialogue on two chief world systems

  6. Philosophy & Science • Sir Francis Bacon • Father of the Scientific Method of research • Inductive Reasoning • NovumOrganum • New Atlantis • Rene Descartes • Discourse on Method • Deductive Reasoning • The Royal Society of London • Margaret Cavendish • Duchess of Newcastle • Description of a New World, Called the Blazing World • Sir Isaac Newton • Early Work • Optics • Calculus • Gravity • Principia Mathmetica • Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

  7. England • The Commonwealth – Puritan Republic • Oliver Cromwell • Lord Protector • Instrument of Government • Jamaica – 1655 • Sugar Plantations • Slave Trade • Navigation Acts • Charles II • Restored: • Monarchy • House of Lords • Anglican Church • Religious Toleration • The Test Act • Transubstantiation • Carolina • Lord Proprietors • New Amsterdam • New York

  8. England & Netherlands • James II • Catholicism • Declaration of Indulgence • The Glorious Revolution • William III and Mary II • Bill of Rights • Rulers subject to law • Govern with Parliament’s consent • Toleration Act of 1689 • Legalized Protestantism • Roman Catholicism outlawed • Act of Settlement of 1701 • House of Hannover • “Century of strife” • The Quaker Colonies • William III • Stadtholderof the Netherlands • United Provinces of the Netherlands • Urbanization • Agriculture • Shipbuilding • Empire

  9. France & Prussia • Cardinal Mazarin • Frondes • Louis XIV • The Sun King • Divine Right of Kings • Bishop Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet • Absolutism • Local vs. National • Palace of Versailles • Jean Baptiste Colbert • Economic Reform • S. Domingue / Haiti • Brandenburg-Prussia • Hohenzollerns • Frederick William • “The Great Elector” • Centralization • Royal Bureaucracy • Army

  10. Late 1600s, Early 1700s • The Nine Years War • 1688-1697 • King Williams War • League of Augsburg/Grand Alliance • Charles II of Spain • Phillip of Anjou • Phillip V of Spain • War of Spanish Succession • 1701-1714 • John Churchill • Queen Anne’s War • Treaty of Utrecht (1713) / Treaty of Rastatt (1714) • Changing Rulers • Anne of England/Great Britain • Acts of Union - 1707 • George I of Britain • Sir Robert Walpole • First Prime Minister • Louis XV of France • Favorites • Madame de Pompadour • Emperor Charles VI • Pragmatic Sanction • Maria Theresa • Frederick I of Prussia • First King • Frederick William I of Prussia • Military Expansion

  11. Late 1600s, Early 1700s • Peter I (The Great) of Russia • The Grand Embassy • Westernization • Table of Ranks • The Holy Synod • New Military • Azov • The Great Northern War • (1700-1721) • Battle of Poltava • The War of Jenkins’ Ear • British Smuggling • Robert Jenkins • War of Austrian Succession • Maria Theresa of Austria • Frederick II of Russia • King George’s War • Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle • Diplomatic Revolution • Convention of Westminster • Bourbons & Hapsburgs

  12. Seven Year War and Enlightenment • The Seven Years War • European Campaign • Frederick II “The Great” of Prussia • Treaty of Hubertusberg • India Campaign • The Third Carnatic War • North American Campaign • The French and Indian War • William Pitt the Elder • Battle of Quebec • Treaty of Paris (1763) • The Enlightenment • The Philosophes • Voltaire • Satire • Candide • Montesquieu • The Persian Letters • Spirit of the Laws • The Encyclopedia • Denis Diderot • Jean le Rondd’Alembert • Deism • Monarch vs. Divine Watchmaker

  13. The Enlightenment • Mercantilism Vs. Laissez Faire La Nature • Adam Smith • Wealth of Nations • Slave Trade • Portuguese and Spanish • 16th century • Dutch • 17th Century • English and French • 18th Century • Conditions • Barbados Slave Code - 1661 • View of the Enlightenment • Jean-Jacques Rousseau • The Social Contract • General Will • Education • Émile • Mary Wollstonecraft • A Vindication of the Rights of Woman • The Salon • Enlightened Absolutism • Frederick II of Prussia • Joseph II of Austria • Catherine II of Russia

  14. Prologue to The American Revolution • Sugar Act (tariffs on sugar, coffee, wines) • Stamp Act (newspapers, documents, etc.) • Stamp Act Congress • Townshend Acts (glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea) • The Boston Massacre • Tea Act • Boston Tea Party • Intolerable Acts • Coercive Acts • The Boston Port Act • The Administration of Justice Act • The Massachusetts Government Act • Quebec Act • Quartering Act • First Continental Congress • Philadelphia • Battles of Lexington and Concord

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