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CRUSADES (1096-1291)

CRUSADES (1096-1291). In the 11 th century, the Seljik Turks captured the “Holy Land” and drove out Christian pilgrims.

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CRUSADES (1096-1291)

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  1. CRUSADES (1096-1291) • In the 11th century, the Seljik Turks captured the “Holy Land” and drove out Christian pilgrims. • Outraged, Pope Urban II called on all Christians of Europe to unite and launch a holy Crusade – a war to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims. The Pope promised immediate forgiveness for all sins (and entry into heaven) for any crusader who died in battle. • Seven crusades were fought over the next two hundred years!!

  2. CRUSADES (1096-1291) • The First Crusade gained control of Jerusalem by 1099, took control, and massacred the inhabitants. • But, the Muslims pushed back.

  3. SALADIN • Muslim forces under Saladin captured Jerusalem in 1187. • King Richard the Lionhearted led the Third Crusade against him. • Eventually, they reached a compromise, allowing Christian pilgrims to visit the Holy Land.

  4. Crusades – Religious Warfare Many Jewish communities throughout Europe and the Middle East were tempting targets for marauding Crusaders looking for infidels to attack. Caught between two warring religions, these communities were attacked by Christians & Muslims at this time.

  5. EFFECTS OF THECRUSADES Cultural Diffusion:Europeans were exposed to new ideas --the zero-- in mathematics, and products such as silk, spices, and coffee. Increased Trade:Demand for products like spices, sugar, lemons, perfumes, and rugs led to increased trade. Growth of Intolerance: The Crusades led to persecution of both Jews and Muslims in Europe & Christians & Jews in the Middle East. New Learning: Europeans rediscover the writings of the Greeks and Romans from contact with Muslims.

  6. JAPAN’S EARLY HISTORY • Society in ancient Japan revolved around clans – groups of families with the same ancestral origins. • People worshipped the Kami (spirits found in nature), giving rise to Shintoism.

  7. Shintoism • Japanese religion in which each clan worshipped their own nature Gods and Goddesses. • It varied because of different customs and beliefs. • Shinto means “way of the Gods” • It had no rituals or philosophy, but instead was based on respect for the forces of nature. • Worshipers believed in kami or divine spirits in nature. • An abnormal tree, rock, waterfall, mountain could be home to kami

  8. Cultural Diffusion • Japan’s close proximity to China resulted in Japanese society adopting many Chinese ways. • The Japanese were impressed by Chinese products such as silk and pottery. • Chinese music, art, weaving, building, dance, and even cooking influenced the Japanese. • Chinese ideas of Buddhism and Confucianism and Daoism interacted with Japanese beliefs to shape new values and beliefs. Buddhism taught the Japanese to renounce selfish desires. Daoism encouraged a love of nature. Confucianism installed loyalty to family and ruler. • The Japanese emperor even set up a royal court, similar to the one in China, and declared himself to be an absolute ruler.

  9. JAPAN’S GOLDEN AGETHE HEIAN PERIOD (794-1185) • All land belonged to the emperor who lent it to the nobles and peasants in exchange for a portion of their crops as taxes. • Members of the leading nobles families spent their time at the emperor’s court. • Art and literature flourished. • By the end of the period, noble were raising private armies of SAMURAI, and nobles began to fight amongst themselves.

  10. JAPAN’S FEUDAL PERIOD (1200-1600) • In 1192, Minamoto Yoritomo defeated the other noble families. Rather than overthrow the emperor, he had the emperor declare him the SHOGUN. (Supreme Military Governor). • Each landowner recruited soldiers, called Samurai. In return for loyalty, provided the samurai with social status and wealth.

  11. FEUDAL SOCIETYIN JAPAN

  12. END OF THE FEUDAL PERIOD • Although the Japanese defeated the assault by the Mongol Kublai Khan in 1274, the attack did weaken the strength of the SHOGUN. • For the next 100 years, local lords controlled their own affairs with little interference from the central government. • Despite governmental anarchy, Japan flourished culturally at this time, developing the tea ceremony, flower arranging, and gardening.

  13. TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE • Tokugawa Ieyasu • United Japan in 1600 • Held landowner’s (Daimyo) families hostage in the capital of Edo to ensure obedience • Founded the Tokugawa Shogunate, which continued until 1867 • Society under the Tokugawa Shogun • Japan enjoyed over 200 years under the new Shogun • Merchant class and rich prospered • Rich and poor benefited from a growing Japanese culture -- Trade with the outside world is limited.

  14. EARLY AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS

  15. Bantu Migration (2,000 years ago) • The Bantu refer to over 400 different ethnic groups in Africa, from Cameroon to South Africa, united by a common Bantu language and common customs. • 2,000 years ago, small groups of Bantu began spreading south and east. • They shared their skills with people they met on their journey, adapted their methods to suit their new environment, and learned new ways.--Moving eastward toward the savannas they adapted their skills for herding goats and sheep to raising cattle.--Passing through what is now Kenya and Tanzania, they learned to cultivate new crops. • This expanded their food supply • Eventually, they reached the southern tip of Africa

  16. EARLY AFRICAN KINGDOMS

  17. KUSH (NUBIA) 1000 BC-150 AD • East African Trading Empire • Goods: Iron, ivory, gold, ebony, and slaves KUSH WRITING

  18. AXUM 1000 BC-150 AD • East African Trading Empire • Goods: Ivory, frankincence, and slaves AXUM, EASTERN AFRICA

  19. KINGDOM OF GHANA (750-1200) • Founded around 750. It developed between the Senegal and Niger rivers. • The people used their ability to make iron swords and other weapons to gain control of trading routes. • The Kings gained power by taxing trade, especially on salt and gold. • For a time, Ghana even developed the beginnings of a feudal system, but was conquered by Muslim invaders.

  20. KINGDOM OF MALI (1240-1400) • In 1240, the people of Mali conquered Ghana and established an empire. • Mansa Musa, Mali’s leader, made a religious pilgrimage to Mecca and helped spread Islam.

  21. KINGDOM OF SONGHAI (1464-1600) • West African empire under leader Sunni Ali that conquered Mali and controlled trade. • Built up an army and extended their territory to the Niger River and gained control of all the important trade routes. • Were defeated in 1591 by Moroccans using muskets against their arrows and spears.

  22. BENIN – Developed in the rain forests of West Africa -- Famous for bronze sculptures -- Traded members of captured African tribes as slaves. ZIMBABWE –Trading kingdom; Traded gold, copper, & ivory. MOGADISSHU, KILWA, SOFALA – Served as trading centers for gold & ivory. ETHIOPIA – A Christian state since the 4th century, despite the rise of Islam OTHER AFRICAN STATES

  23. AGE OF THE MONGOLS STEPPES – Unbroken band of treeless grassland between Eastern Europe and China. Fierce horsemen arose, including the Huns, the Turks, and the Mongols over a 1000 year period.

  24. AGE OF THE MONGOLS • In the 1200’s, a ferocious group of horsemen from central Asia fought their way across Asia. These nomads were Mongols. • They exploded onto the scene under the leadership of Genghis Khan, one of the most feared military leaders of all time. • When Genghis Khan died in 1227 his successors continued the conquering that he had begun. • Ghengis Khan attacked China and conquered Beijing in 1210. His grandson, Kublai Khan captured all of China by 1279. • Khan’s successors extended the rule of the Mongols into Persia, Russia, and Iraq.

  25. MONGOLS AND CHINA • MONGOL EMPIRE – Led by GHENGIS KHAN until 1227. • Kublai Khan conquered China in 1279. • The Mongols established a “foreign dynasty,” called the YUAN DYNASTY using the Chinese political and bureaucratic system to help run the country. • Defeated in 1368 when the Ming Dynasty begins.

  26. MARCO POLO Upon visiting China in 1271, explorer Marco Polo reported on the technological superiority of the Chinese under the Mongols, including the use of gunpowder and coal.

  27. Golden Horde • During the time of Genghis Khan the Mongols invaded Eastern Europe • Between 1236 and 1241 they attacked Russia, Hungary, and Poland • His grandson, Batu, led Mongol armies into Russia and other lands of Eastern Europe • This group was known as the Golden Horde because of the color of their tents

  28. Mongols In Russia • The Mongols captured Russia in the 13th century and held it for 200 years. • Under Mongol rule the Russians could follow all their usual customs as long as they made no sign of rebellion. • The Mongols tolerated all the religions in their realms, and the Church acted as a mediator between the people and the Mongols. • The Mongols demanded two things:Extreme obedience, and massive amounts of tribute. • Strong Leadership is adopted by Russia • In 1480, IVAN THE GREAT declared himself Czar of Russia, declaring himself independent of the Mongols.

  29. IMPACT OF THE MONGOLS • The Mongol influence led to increases in trade and cultural diffusion over Asia and Europe. • In Russia, the Mongol idea of Absolutist government stuck after the Mongols left, but it also isolated Russia from Western Europe, leaving it behind in arts and science. • Mongol rule promoted trade between Europe and Asia. The Mongols guaranteed safe passage along the Silk Road, which increased trade greatly.

  30. DECLINE OF FEUDALISM • 1300’s – BLACK DEATH (Bubonic Plague) • Between 1347 and 1351, 25 million people, one third of Europe’s population died. This created a labor shortage, allowing peasants to escape from serfdom when landowners offered them freedom in exchange for work. • Gunpowder reduced the importance of knights.

  31. RENAISSANCE (Rebirth) • Period of revived interest in learning about the classical civilizations of Greece and Rome. • SECULARISM—Greater interest in the concerns of this world rather than the next. • HUMANISM—focused on present and individual achievements.

  32. Leonardo da Vinci “Renaissance Man” Artist, Sculptor, Inventor

  33. Michelangelo Artist/Sculptor DAVID

  34. Niccolo Machiavelli – wrote The Prince “The ends justifies the means”

  35. Nicolaus Copernicus – Galileo GalileiHELIOCENTRIC THEORY NEW BELIEF  HELIOCENTRIC THEORY OLD BELIEF  GEOCENTRIC THEORY

  36. Francis BaconScientific Method

  37. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Shakespeare has a reputation as the greatest writer in the English language, as well as one of the greatest in Western literature, and the world's pre-eminent dramatist.

  38. PROTESTANT REFORMATION • In 1517, Martin Luther questioned Church teachings and called for reforms in his “95 Theses.” • He challenged the Popes right to sell “indulgences” – pardons from punishment for sin. • He was excommunicated and started his own church.

  39. Italian City-States • During this period, Northern Italian cities were flourished in both industry and trade. • City-states such as Venice, Genoa, and Florence became rich and powerful. • Venice profited from the spice trade with Asia, and also profited from trade with Egypt and Great Britain.

  40. PROTESTANT REFORMATION John Calvin • Stressed the authority of the Bible. • Encouraged hard work. • Supported a strict moral code. • Taught that God had predestined those who would go to heaven. • Believed in a religious code to govern daily life – THEOCRACY.

  41. EFFECTS OF THEREFORMATION End of Religious Unity:Catholicism was no longer the only Christian religion in Europe. Church’s power declines. In the 1530’s, King Henry VIII established the Church of England, breaking with Rome. Persecution of Minorities: Kings persecuted minorities to ensure that all subjects were of the same religion! Warfare: Religious differences between Protestants and Catholics results in warfare between them!

  42. THE CATHOLIC COUNTER REFORMATION • COUNCIL OF TRENT: • Called to redefine the Church’s beliefs. • Ended sale of indulgences • Began an index – list of banned books. INQUISITION: Trials were held to end heresy by force. Those suspected of denying the teachings of the Church were often tortured and killed. JESUITS: Begun by Ignatius Loyola in 1534, the Jesuits were dedicated to defending and spreading the Catholic faith.

  43. Pre-Columbian Civilizations in the Americas Scientists believe that humans crossed the Bering Strait during the last ice age to populate North America. Human populations moved South over time.

  44. OLMECS • Oldest civilization in North America. • Developed a calendar • Built temples • Conducted trade

  45. THE MAYA (1500 BC – 1546 AD) • Mayan society included farmers, craftsmen, nobles, and priests. • The Chief ruler was considered half man, half god.

  46. THE MAYA (continued…) • Conducted Human Sacrifice • Built large cities • Skilled artists decorated temples • Developed writing • Developed number systems with zero. • Created a 365 day calendar. • Invented a game similar to basketball...the losers were sacrificed! Mayan Temple at Chichen Itza

  47. THE AZTECS (1200-1521) • Society included the ruler, nobles, priests, warriors, farmers, fishermen, craftsmen, and slaves. • Conducted human sacrifice of captured soldiers and those who “volunteered.” • Capital in Tenochtitlan(Mexico City today)

  48. THE INCA EMPIRE (1200-1535) • The Inca Empire stretched more than 10,000 miles across South America and was connected with stone roads. • They used bundles of knotted rope to count ans send messages, but did not develop writing.

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