Congestive Heart Failure

1. Congestive Heart Failure Ahmad Osailan

2. What is Heart Failure • Results from any structural or functional abnormality that impairs the ability of the ventricle to eject blood (Systolic Heart Failure) or to fill with blood (Diastolic Heart Failure).

3. Classification of Heart Failure based on area of affection • Systolic failure- decreased. Contractility • Caused by: • Coronary Artery Disease • Hypertension • Valvular Heart Disease • Diastolic failure- decreased. Filling • Hypertension • Coronary artery disease.

4. Key Concepts of HF • CO = SV x HR-becomes insufficient to meet metabolic needs of body • EF< 40% is an indicator of decreased SV

5. Understanding EF • EF

6. Factors effecting heart pump effectiveness • Preload: • Volume of blood in ventricles at end diastole • Depends on venous return • Depends on compliance. • Afterload • Force needed to eject blood into circulation • Arterial B/P, pulmonary artery pressure • Valvular disease increases afterload

7. Mechanism of HF • All organs (liver, lungs, legs, etc.) return blood to heart • When heart begins to fail/ weaken> unable to pump blood forward-fluid backs up > • Inc. pressure within all organs. • Organ response • LUNGS: congested > “stiffer” , inc effort to breathe; fluid starts to escape into alveoli; fluid interferes with O2 exchange, aggravates shortness of breath. • Shortness of breath during exertion, may be early symptoms > progresses > later require extra pillows at night to breathe > experience "P.N.D." or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea . • Pulmonary edema • Legs, ankles, feet- blood from feet and legs > back-up of fluid and pressure in these areas, heart unable to pump blood as promptly as received > inc. fluid within feet and legs causes fluid to "seep" out of blood vessels ; inc. weight

8. Heart Failure

9. Systolic Heart Failure • Systolic failure- most common cause • Hallmark finding: Dec. in *left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) • Due to • Impaired contractile function (e.g., MI) • Increased afterload (e.g., hypertension) • Cardiomyopathy • Mechanical abnormalities (e.g., valve disease)

10. Diastolic Heart Failure • Diastolic failure • Impaired ability of ventricles to relax and fill during diastole --> dec. stroke volume and CO • Diagnosis based on presence of pulmonary congestion, pulmonary hypertension, ventricular hypertrophy

11. The Vicious Cycle of Congestive Heart Failure

12. Pathophysiology • Cardiac compensatory mechanisms • 1.tachycardia • 2.ventricular dilation- remodeling • 3.myocardial hypertrophy • Hypoxia leads to dec. contractility

13. Ventricular remodeling

14. Demonstration of How HF occur

15. Most common signs of HF • Easy Fatigability. • Shortness of breath Why? • Generalized Edema

16. Classification Systems of severity of HF

17. Primary risk factors • Coronary artery disease (CAD) • Advancing age • Contributing risk factors : • Hypertension • Diabetes • Tobacco use • Obesity • High serum cholesterol • Valvular heart disease • Hypervolemia

18. Heart FailureComplications • Pleural effusion • Dysrhythmia or arrythmia • HOW HF can cause Arrythmia?

19. Clinical Tests to diagnose HF • Chest x ray • Echocardiogram

20. Cardiomegaly

21. Pulmonary vessel congestion

22. Physical Therapy management • Exercises to avoid in HF patients: • Above shoulder exercise ( Both) • Exercise of LE while supine position like LEG raising. • Exercise under water