1 / 25

ADVANCED

ADVANCED. LEC 15. University of Rio Grande Donald P. Althoff, Ph.D . ORNITHOLOGY. Dickcissel. Ecology & Distribution Reference Chapters 19 & 20. Arcadian flycatcher. Perching birds. Distribution Terms (handout). Pantropical Circumpolar Disjunctive Allopatric Sympatric

garin
Télécharger la présentation

ADVANCED

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. ADVANCED LEC 15 University of Rio Grande Donald P. Althoff, Ph.D. ORNITHOLOGY Dickcissel Ecology & Distribution Reference Chapters 19 & 20 Arcadian flycatcher Perching birds

  2. Distribution Terms (handout) • Pantropical • Circumpolar • Disjunctive • Allopatric • Sympatric • Parapatric • Endemic • Cosmopolitan • Indigenous • Exotic • Insular • Continental

  3. ZOOGEOGRAPHY--the study of the distribution of animals Nearly every region of the world contains fauna that reached the “region” at different______, from different_______, by different _______. How, when, and from where did animals reach the areas they now occupy?

  4. Zoogeographic Regions • Palearctic (Europe/Asia) • Nearctic (Canada/USA/Mexico) • Neotropical (Central & South America) • Ehtiopian (central & southern Africa) • Oriental (India, Indonesia, Philippines) • Austrialian • Oceanic

  5. EQUATOR latitude longitude

  6. Distribution PATTERNS • Most diverse of zoogeographic regions is the _____________ (including families, genera, & total species) Neotropical

  7. Distribution PATTERNS • _____ “sharing” of species occurs between regions to the ____________of each other…not East and West of each other (see below & handout)

  8. Distribution PATTERNS…USA • ______ of birds that are endemic found in Rocky Mountain coniferous forest (17%). Birds in this region are _______________.

  9. Distribution PATTERNS…USA…con’t • _______ of birds that are endemic found in Mohave/Sonoran Desert (17%). Birds are very adapted to _________________.

  10. MOJAVE DESERT (mostly) Cactus wren Gambel’s quail Costa’s hummingbird Bendire’s thrasher LeConte’s thrasher

  11. BARRIERS to Distribution • ________________ (think too wet, too cold, too dry, too warm) • ________________ (think mountains, valleys, oceans, canyons) • ________________ (think competitors, diseases, parasites, etc.) • ________________ (highways, residential areas, manufacturing areas, industrial areas, agricultural areas--overall fragmentation)

  12. Impact of ISLANDS • Some species use islands to expand distribution from ____________________________ • _____________ are good “island hoppers” • _________ are not good “island hoppers”. Proof: 91 species in the OLD WORLD, only 1 endemic to the NEW WORLD (horned lark)

  13. COSMOPOLITAN species • Typically __________ with ___________________ • Can feed on _________________…but seldom rely on insects • All strong fliers, can cross oceans usually • Examples: peregrine falcon osprey barn owl

  14. COSMOPOLITAN species: Peregrine Falcon

  15. COSMOPOLITAN species: Osprey

  16. RESTRICTED RANGE species • Best example: ________________ a) ______ distribution (about 6,000 mi2 in Michigan although that is being expanded—including WI b) found in ______________ ______________ c) can’t cope with _________ brood parasitism d) ______ winter mortality

  17. Pure stand 10-20 years old …________________ for Kirtland’s warbler Pure stand 30-50 years old …________________ for Kirtland’s warbler

  18. 2013 2,004 2013 Singing Males 2013

  19. RESTRICTED RANGE species…con’t • Another example: ___________ a) in Hawaiian Islands b) ___________ duck in middle of the ocean c) rats destroyed nests…a threat that was introduced d) decline started 1,000-1,600 years ago with colonization by Polynesians & rats, pigs and mongooses d) derivative of mallard duck-- (not reproductively isolated)

  20. What Do Birds Respond to? __________ (aka physical) factors • Temperature—mean or extremes…most important • Precipitation—total, precip-evaporaton ratio, or timing • Wind—wind chill factor and with rain • Soil/substrate—important for nesting • Sunlight • Humidity

  21. What Do Birds Respond to? __________ (aka living) factors • Plants—food, cover, territorial perches • Animals: a) predators for prey, prey for predators b) competitors c) parasites (ecto, endo, & brood parasitizers) d) Darwin’s finches example: exploit total resources (seeds in this case)

  22. Darwin’s finches: ______________________ Maximum diversity in order to exploit total resource large large medium medium small small ________________ ___________________ cactus & ground trees Original ancestor

  23. WARBLERS: High Degree of __________________ Major Foods Veget. Matter Arthropods Arthropods Insects Insects Arthropods Omnivores Insects Omnivores No. of Species 11 15 7 13 2 3 11 6 5 Location Crown foliage Foliage & twigs Branches & twigs Foliage-air Grnd/Tree/Air Grnd/Tree/Air Grnd/Tree/Air Aerial General

  24. In Summary…. • Much ____________________________ in birds • Evolution of geographical distribution differences among natural bird populations depends on the relative strength of two opposing forces: a) _____________________________ favoring one genetic attribute over another b) rate of genetic blending as a result of interbreeding of individuals from different locations (i.e., gene flow) • Coexistence of reproductively isolated species in sympatry requires ______________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

More Related