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Understanding Key Concepts in Chemistry and Biochemistry Terminology

This overview covers essential terminology in chemistry and biochemistry, including fundamental concepts such as matter, elements, atoms, and compounds. It explains the importance of mass, weight, and the various types of chemical bonds like covalent and ionic. Additionally, it distinguishes between mixtures and compounds, delving into acids, bases, and the classification of organic versus inorganic materials. The discussion extends to macromolecules, polymers, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids—highlighting their structures and functions within biological systems.

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Understanding Key Concepts in Chemistry and Biochemistry Terminology

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  1. Chemistry & Biochemistry

  2. Terminology • Matter – Anything that takes up space & has mass. • Mass – Quantity of matter • Weight – The pull of gravity on the mass of an object. • Elements – Pure substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter. • Atom – Smallest unit of matter.

  3. Terminology, continued…. • Subatomic particles. • Electron • Neutron • Proton • Compound: Two or more elements chemically combined. • Bonds • Covalent – shares electrons • Ionic – based on electrical attraction

  4. Qualities of a Compound • They are all made of 2 or more elements. • They are chemically bonded. • They have a definite ratio.

  5. More terms… • Atomic number: The number of protons • Mass number: Number of proton & neutrons.

  6. Periodic Table

  7. Mixtures • Combined substances that DO retain their original properties. • Three types: • Solution: Made of solute & solvent; do not come out of solution. • Suspension: Settle out over time • Colloid: Two states • Sol state - liquid • Gel state - gel

  8. Acids & Bases • Acidity: Measurement of the amount of hydrogen ions. • Alkalinity: Measurement of the amount of hydroxide ions.

  9. Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds • Organic - generally derived from living things and contain carbon. • Inorganic – generally derived from non-living things. • FOUR MAJOR GROUPS • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

  10. Water • Properties of Water • Cohesion – Attraction between like molecules. • Adhesion – Attraction of water molecules to the molecules of a solid surface. • Water is polar (unevenly charged) • Oxygen has a slight negative charge. • Hydrogen has a slight positive charge.

  11. Polymers vs. Monomers • Polymers: compounds consisting of repeating linked units. • Monomers: Simple molecules composing each unit of a polymer. • Macromolecule: A large polymer

  12. Dehydration synthesis • Condensation Reaction • Monomers link to form a polymer; water is removed.

  13. Hydrolysis • A polymer splits to form two monomers when water is added

  14. Carbohydrates • C, H, O (2 hydrogen atoms to 1 oxygen) • Monosaccharides (simple sugars) • Fructose, glucose, galactose • Disaccharides (double sugars) • Lactose, sucrose, maltose • Polysaccharides (complex sugars) • Starch, cellulose, glycogen (animal starch)

  15. Sugars • Glucose, fructose, & galactose – C6H12O6 • Isomers – same molecular formula, but different properties. • Sucrose, lactose, & maltose – C12H22O11 • HOW CAN THIS BE??

  16. Functional Groups • Clusters of atoms that influence the properties of the molecule. • Types • Hydroxyl –OH (alcohols) • Amino group – NH2 • Sulfhydryl group – SH • Phosphate group – H3PO4 • Carboxyl group - COOH

  17. Lipids • Function: • Barrier between aqueous environments inside & outside the cell. • Cell Membrane • Energy storage • Fats • Protective Coverings • Waxes • Insulation • Fats

  18. Lipids, continued…. • Fatty Acids: Monomers that make up most lipids. • Composed of a long, straight hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group • Carboxyl group: Hydrophilic, “water loving” • Hydrocarbon chain: Hydrophobic, “water fearing”

  19. Triglycerides Fats – Solid at room temperature Oil – Liquid at room temperature Waxes Steroids Cholesterol is an example Doesn’t contain fatty acids Types of Lipids

  20. Proteins • Account for more than 50% of the dry weight of the cell • Structural support • Storage • Transport • Signaling • Movement • Defense • Increase the speed of chemical reactions.

  21. Proteins, continued…. • Amino Acids – monomers of proteins • Amino acids are always in this form

  22. Types of Proteins • Dipeptides: Two amino acids bonded together. • Polypeptides: A long chain of amino acids • Enzymes: Proteins that act as catalysts in intermediary metabolism • Catalyst: Substances that speed up chemical reactions without being affected by the reactions themselves.

  23. Nucleic Acids • Complex organic compounds that store important information in the cell. • Nucleotides – monomers of nucleic acids

  24. Types of Nucleic Acids • DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid • Stores information important for all cell activities • Sugar: deoxyribose • RNA: ribonucleic acid • Transfers information essential for making proteins • Sugar: ribose

  25. Chart provided…

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