1 / 69

Seminario Conceptos de Administraci ón de Proyectos

Seminario Conceptos de Administraci ón de Proyectos. Ministerio de Hacienda. Universidad Nacional MATI. Master Pedro Morales, PMP. Defini ciones. Que es un Proyecto ?. “Un Proyecto es un esfuerzo temporal efectuado para crear un producto ó servicio único ”.

garron
Télécharger la présentation

Seminario Conceptos de Administraci ón de Proyectos

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. SeminarioConceptos de Administración de Proyectos Ministerio de Hacienda Universidad Nacional MATI Master Pedro Morales, PMP

  2. Definiciones

  3. Que es un Proyecto? “Un Proyecto es un esfuerzo temporal efectuado para crear un producto ó servicio único” Temporal – Cada proyecto tiene definido su principio y su final. Único – El producto o servicio es diferente en alguna forma de productos y servicios similares.

  4. Que es Administración de Proyectos? • Administración de Proyectos es la aplicación del conocimiento, habilidades, herramientas y técnicas a las actividades de proyecto de manera que se alcancen ó excedan las necesidades o expectativas de los auspiciadores del proyecto.

  5. Que es un Programa? “Un Programa es un grupo de proyectos administrados en una forma coordinada para obtener beneficios no disponibles si se manejan en forma individual. Muchos programas también incluyen elementos de la operación diaria.”

  6. Que es el ciclo de vida de un Proyecto? • Una colección de fase cuyo número y nombre son determinados por la necesidad de control de la organización ejecutadora.

  7. Time Ciclo de vida típico de un Proyecto • Level of: • Effort • Staffing • Cost Concept Develop Implement Closeout

  8. Stakeholders “Los Stakeholders de un proyecto son los individuos o organizaciones que están activamente involucrados en el proyecto, cuyo interes puede ser positivo ó negativo.” • Stakeholders claves son: • Administrador de proyecto • Clientes • La organización ejecutora • Sponsor (Patrocinador)

  9. Influencias Organizacionales en Proyectos • Organizaciones basadas en Proyectos • Organizaciones NO basadas en Proyectos • Cultura y estilo Organizacional • Estructura Organizacional

  10. Habilidades Administrativas Claves • Liderazgo • Comunicación • Negociación • Resolución de Problemas • Influenciar a la Organización

  11. Project Management knowledge and practice General Management knowledge and practice Application Area knowledge and practice Tres áreas generalmente aceptadas del Conocimiento y la Practica PMBOK

  12. Procesos de Administración de Proyectos

  13. Los Procesos en la Adm. Proy. La Admin. de Proyectos tiene 5 grupos de procesos o fases. Ellas están relacionadas por el tiempo Initiation Process Planning Process Controlling Process Executing Process Closing Process

  14. Areas del Conocimiento en Adm. Proyectos • Integration Management • Scope Management • Time Management • Cost Management • Quality Management • Human Resource Management • Communications Management • Risk Management • Procurement Management PMI reconoce 9 areas del conocimiento en Adm. Proy. Estas están relacionadas a habilidades

  15. The PM Processes Inside each Process is where you apply the Knowledge areas In Initiating you have: In Planning you have: In Executing you have: In Controlling you have: In Closing you have: • Scope Management. • Scope, Communications, Quality,HR, Risk, Procurement, Time, Cost, Integration. • Integration, Communication, Procurement, HR, Quality. • Communications, Scope, Time,Schedule,Cost, Risk, Integration, Quality. • Communication, Procurement

  16. 5.2 Scope Planning 6.3 Activity Duration Estimating 10.1 Communication Planning 9.1 Organizational Planning 5.5 Scope Change Change 10.4 Administrative Closure 9.3 Team Development 6.4 Schedule Development 11.1 Risk Identification 11.2 Risk Identification 4.1 Project Plan Development 12.1 Procurement Planning 10.3 Performance Reporting 4.2 Project Plan Execution 10.2 Information Distribution 6.2 Activity Sequenting 5.4 Scope Verification 9.2 Staff Acquisition 12.3 Solicitation 12.2 Solicitation Planning 7.2 Cost Estimating 8.2 Quality Assurance 7.3 Cost Budgering 6.1 Activity Definition 5.3 Scope Definition 7.1 Resource Planning 12.4 Source Selection 6.5 Schedule Control 12.6 Contract Closeout 8.1 Quality Planning 7.4 Cost Control 8.3 Quality Control $ $ $ $ 11.3 Risk Response Development    12.5 Contract Administration 4.3 Overall Change Control Scope Integration Time $ Cost Quality  Human Resource Communications Risk 11.4 Risk Response Control INITIATING PROCESS PLANNING PROCESS Core Process Core Process EXECUTING PROCESS 5.1 Initiation Core Process Facilitating Process Facilitating Process ¥¢ ¥¢ ¥¢ ¥¢ ¥¢ CONTROLLING PROCESS CLOSING PROCESS Core Process Core Process ¥¢ Facilitating Process ¥¢ Procurement

  17. Project Integration Management

  18. Project Integration Management • Desarrollo del Plan de Proyecto • Plan de Proyecto • Ejecución del Plan de Proyecto • Resultados del Trabajo • Solicitudes de Cambio • Control de Cambios General • Actualizaciones al Plan de Proyecto • Acciones correctivas

  19. Algunos Conceptos Claves • Restricciones : Son factores que limitan las opciones del equipo de proyecto. • Supuestos: Son factores que son considerados reales y ciertos, para propositos de planeación. • Metodología de Planeación de Proyectos:Enfoque estructurado usado para ayudar a preparar el plan del proyecto (hard tools, such as software vs. soft tools, such as a facilitated kickoff meeting). • Ejecución del Plan de Proyecto: Proceso durante el cual el plan de proyecto es llevado a cabo y la mayoria del presupuesto es gastado. • Acciones Correctivas: Cualquier acción efectuada que permita que los resultados futuros correspondan a la linea pleneada.

  20. Project Control Concepts • Sistema de Autorización del Trabajo – Sistema forma para autorizar el trabajo en el momento adecuado. • Evaluaciones de Proyecto – Incluye evaluaciones a mediados y final del proyecto. • Reporte de Progreso - Incluye: • Status reports & trend analysis • Variance analysis and exception reports • Earned value reports • Control de Cambios General –Proceso para influenciar que los factores que producen cambios sean beneficiosos gracias a la proyección de los requerimientos del usuario, seguimiento de la aceptación de los cambios, actualización de líneas base, y comunicación de los cambios aprobados.

  21. Administración de la Configuración Define los entregables del sistema, el control de cambios y asegura que los entregables son consistentes con el sistema definido, incluyendo los cambios aprobados. Sus pasos son: • Identificar y documentar las funciones y caracteristicas físicas de un item o sistema. • Controlar cualquier cambio de estas caracteristicas. • Registrar y reportar los cambios y su estado de implementación. • Auditar los items y sistemas para verificar cumplimiento de los requerimientos.

  22. Project Scope Management

  23. Project Scope Management La Administración de Alcances establece 5 Procesos • Initiation (I) • Scope Planning (P) • Scope Definition (P) • Scope Verification (E) • Scope Change Control (C)

  24. Project Scope Management Inputs Product Description Strategic Plan Project Selection Criteria Historical Information Tools and Techniques Project Selection Methods Expert Judgment Outputs Project Charter Project Manager Identified/Assigned Constraints Assumptions Initiation • Reconocer formalmente que un proyecto existe ó que se puede continuar a la siguiente fase.

  25. Project Scope Management Inputs Product Description Project Charter Constraints Assumptions Tools and Techniques Product Analysis Benefit/Cost Analysis Alternatives Identification Expert Judgment Outputs Scope Statement Supporting Detail Scope Management Plan Scope Planning • Se identifican los objetivos y mayores entregables. • Se definen los criterios para aceptar una fase

  26. Project Scope Management Inputs Scope Statement Constraints Assumptions Other Planning Outputs Historical Information Tools and Techniques WBS templates Decomposition Outputs WBS Scope Definition • Dividir los entregables en componentes más pequeños y a la vez más manejables.

  27. Project Scope Management Inputs Work Results Product Documentation Tools and Techniques Inspection Outputs Formal Acceptance Scope Verification • Busca formalizar la aceptación del trabajo realizado

  28. Project Scope Management Inputs WBS Performance Reports Change Requests Scope Management Plan Tools and Techniques Scope Change Control System Performance Measurement Additional Planning Outputs Scope Changes Corrective Action Scope Change Control • Influenciar en los factores que producen cambios y asegurarse que estos sean beneficios. • Determinar que un cambio de alcances ha secudido. • Manejar los cambios actuales cuando estos ocurren.

  29. Project Scope Management Principales Conceptos • Project Charter • A formal recognition of the project, the business need, and project description. • Authorizes the PM to use resources to accomplish project activities. • Product Scope - Project Scope • Scope Statement • Justification, Project Product, Deliverables, Objectives • WBS (Work breakdown structure)& Descomposition • Inspection • measuring, examining, and testing for conformance to requirements

  30. Project Scope Management Principales Conceptos (Cont) • Formal Acceptance • conditional or unconditional, by deliverable, phase, and project, by the client or sponsor. • Performance Reports • scope status, not started, in-process, complete, early warning or issues • Change Requests • event impact to the project, error or omission, value-added change

  31. Project Scope Management Principales Conceptos (Cont) • Corrective Action • Acts to bring expected future performance in line with project plan • Lessons Learned • Causes of variances, reasoning for corrective actions, historic databases

  32. Project Scope Management Desarrollo de un WBS

  33. Project Scope Management Desarrollo de un WBS • WBS is the heart of the project planning effort. • Is a technique for breaking down a project into its smallest component elements (Work Packages) • The 80 hour rule

  34. Project Scope Management Desarrollo de un WBS

  35. Project Scope Management Desarrollo de un WBS • Se debe crear en ciclos iterativos y reevaluar constantemente la jerarquia. • Preguntarse: • Sí tengo todos estos entregables, ¿Alcanzare los objetivos planeados? • Sí hago todas estas actividades, ¿Completaré los entregables? • Si hago todas esta sub-actividades, ¿Completaré las actividades? • Nombre los entregables como sustantivos • Logre el mejor detalle • No gaste tiempo en generación de “lista de actividades”.

  36. Project Scope Management Desarrollo de un WBS

  37. Project Time Management

  38. Project Time Management La Administración del Tiempo establece 5 Procesos • Activity Definition (P) • Activity Sequencing (P) • Activity Duration Estimating (P) • Schedule Development (P) • Schedule Control (C)

  39. Project Time Management Inputs WBS Scope Statement Historical Information Constraints Assumptions Tools and Techniques Decomposition Templates Outputs Activity List Supporting Detail WBS updates Activity Definition • Consiste en identificar las actividades a partir del WBS

  40. Project Time Management Inputs Activity List Product Description Mandatory Dependencies Discretionary Dependencies External Dependencies Constraints Assumptions Tools and Techniques Precedence Diagraming Method PDM Arrow Diagraming Method ADM Conditional Diagraming Network Templates Outputs Project Network Diagram Activity List Updates Activity Sequencing • Consiste en poner la secuencia en que deben interactuar las actividades. • Se produce el Diagrama de Red del proyecto.

  41. Project Time Management Inputs Activity List Constraints Assumptions Resource Requirements Resource Capabilities Historical Information Tools and Techniques Expert Judgment Analogous Estimating Simulation Outputs Activity Estimation Updates Basis of Estimates Activity List Updates Activity Estimating Duration • Determinar cuantos periodos de trabajo se requieren para completar una actividad.

  42. Project Time Management Inputs Project Network Diagram Activity Duration Estimates Resource Requirements Resource Pool Description Calendars Constraints Assumptions / Leads and Lags Tools and Techniques Mathematical Analysis Duration Compression Simulation Resource Leveling Heuristics Projcet Management Software Outputs Project Schedule Supporting Detail Schedule Management Plan Resource Requirements Updates Schedule Development • Determinar el inicio y final real (en fechas), de cada actividad

  43. Project Time Management Inputs Project Schedule Performance Reports Change Requests Schedule Management Plan Tools and Techniques Schedule Change Control System Performance Measurement Additional Planning Project Management Software Outputs Schedule updates Corrective action Lessons learned Schedule Control • Se preocupa por: • Los factores que crean cambios en los cronogramas para que sean beneficiosos. • Determinar que el cronograma ha cambiado. • Manejar los cambios actuales cuando estos ocurren.

  44. Project Time Management Definiciones Importantes • Critical Path Method (CPM)—A mathematical analisys technique for estimating task duration. It calculates a single, deterministic early and late start and finish date for each activity based on specified, sequential network logic and a single duration estimate (expected). The focus of CPM is on calculating float in order to determine which activities have the least scheduling flexibility. Emphasis on controlling costs and leaving the schedule flexible. • Critical path. The series of activities that determine the earliest completion of the project. Can change. Often these tasks have ZERO FLOAT. • Program, Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) A mathematical analysis technique for estimating task duration. It uses sequential network logic and a weighted average duration estimate to calculate project duration. Although there are surface differences, PERT differs from CPM primarily in that it uses the distribution’s mean (expected value) instead of the most likely estimate originally used in CPM. PERT itself is seldom used today although PERT-like estimates are often used in CPM calculations. (p+4m+o)/6. Emphasis in meeting schedules with flexibility on cost

  45. Project Time Management Definiciones Importantes Precedence Diagram Method (PDM) A tool for activity sequencing. This is a method of constructing a project network diagram using nodes to represent the activities and connecting them with arrows that show the dependencies. In PDM, finish-to-start is the most commonly used type of logical relationship. Mandatory and discretionary dependencies Mandatory dependencies are those which are inherent in the nature of the work being done. They often involve physical limitations (on a construction project it is impossible to erect the superstructure until after the foundation has been built) Mandatory dependencies are also called hard logic. Discretionary dependencies are those which are defined by the project management team. Discretionary dependencies may also be called preferred logic, preferential logic,or soft logic.

  46. Project Time Management Definiciones Importantes Mathematical analysis that looks for ways to shorten the project schedule Crashing. Cost and schedule trade-offs are analyzed to determine how to obtain the greatest amount of compression for the least incremental cost. Crashing does not always produce a viable alternative and often results in increased cost. Fast tracking. Doing activities in parallel that would normally be done in sequence. Fast tracking often results in rework and usually increases risk. Resource LevelingMathematical analysis often produces a preliminary schedule that requires more resources during certain time periods than are available, or requires changes in resource levels that are not manageable. Heuristics such as “allocate scarce resources to critical path activities first” can be applied to develop a schedule that reflects such constraints. Resource leveling often results in a project duration that is longer than the preliminary schedule. This technique is sometimes called the “Resource-based Method,” especially when implemented with computerized optimization.

  47. Project Time Management Definiciones Importantes Lag - waiting time between activities in a network. Slack -(or float) amount of time that a particular activity can be delayed without delaying the project. Activities on the Critical Path usually have zero float. Four types of dependencies or precedence relationships: • Finish-to-start—the “from” activity must finish before the “to” activity can start. • Finish-to-finish—the “from” activity must finish before the “to” activity can finish. • Start-to-start—the “from” activity must start before the “to” activity can start. • Start-to-finish—the “from” activity must start before the “to” activity can finish. Resource Histogram: a vertical bar chart that shows the total number of resources needed during each time period of the project. When compared to the actual resources available this chart helps in identifying insufficencies. Monte Carlo Analysis. A risk quantification technique. This technique “performs” the project many times to provide a statistical distribution of the calculated results

  48. Project Cost Management

  49. Project Cost Management La Administración del Costo establece 4 Procesos • Resource Planning (P) • Cost Estimating (P) • Cost Budgeting (P) • Cost Control (C)

  50. Project Cost Management Inputs WBS Historical Information Scope Statement Resource Pool Description Organizational Policies Tools and Techniques Expert Judgment Alternatives Identification Outputs Resource Requirements Resource Planning • Determinar cuales y cuantos recursos (personas, equipo, materiales) se deben usar.

More Related