Nationalist Revolution Sweep the West, 1789-1900

1. Nationalist Revolution Sweep the West, 1789-1900 Chapter 24

2. Latin America Peoples Win Independence Ch. 24, Section 1

5. Toussaint L’Ouverture • Led a slave revolt that ended slavery on the island of Hispaniola

6. Creoles • Spearheaded the independence movement in Latin America

8. Simon Bolivar • The Liberator • Led his forces against the Spanish army in the Battle of Ayacucho • The last major battle in the Spanish colonies’ war for independence

9. Jose de San Martin • Military officer who liberated parts of Spanish-speaking South America • Won independence for Argentina and Chile • Gave up command of his army afterwards

10. Miguel Hidalgo • Priest • Issued Grito de Dolores • Called for a peasant rebellion in Mexico • Led the independence movement in Mexico

12. Europe Faces Revolution Section 2

14. Schools of political thought • Conservative • Wealthy property owners and nobility • Argued for protecting traditional monarchies in Europe • Liberal • Middle-class business leaders and merchants • Wanted to give more power to elected parliments • Only the educated and landowners could vote • Radical • Wanted drastic change • Thought that government should practice the ideals of the French Revolution

15. Nationalism • The belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history

16. Nation-State • An independent geographical unit of people having a common culture and identity.

17. Balkans • The region of southeastern Europe • Now occupied by Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, the European part of Turkey, and the former republics of Yugoslavia

18. Louis-Napoleon • Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte • Took the title of Emperor Napoleon III

19. Alexander II • Son of Czar Nicholas I • Moved Russia towards modernization and social change

20. Nationalism Section 3

22. Empires that suffered from nationalism • Austria • Russia • Russification • The process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian Empire • Ottoman Empire

25. Junkers • Strongly conservative members of Prussia’s wealthy landowning class

26. Otto von Bismarck • Prime minister of Prussia • Conservative Junker

27. Realpolitik • “The politics of reality” • Describes tough power politics with no room for individualism

28. Revolutions in the Arts Section 4

30. Romanticism • An early 19th-century movement in art and thought, which focused on emotion and nature rather than reason and society.

31. Emotion • Key element of romanticism

32. Realism • 19th-century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be

33. Romanticism vs. Realism

34. Impressionism • A movement in 19th-century painting, in which artists reacted against realism by seeking to convey their impressions of subjects or moments in time

35. Impressionist painters • Goal • To show a moment in time at a glance

36. Nationalism