Nationalist revolutions sweep the west, 1789-1900

1. Nationalist revolutions sweep the west, 1789-1900 By. Janine Hepler

2. Latin america

3. Latin american peoples win independence • 1800s: colonial people in Latin America followed the example of the French Revolution—spurred by discontent & Enlightenment ideas • Latin Americans fought for freedom & equality • Latin American society was divided into 6 classes of people

4. Latin American society • Spanish born • Spaniards born in Latin America • European & Indian ancestry • European & African ancestry

5. 1804: haiti • Toussaint L’Ouvertureled successful revolt • French colony (aka Saint Dominigue) on island of Hispaniola • Population: mostly all African slaves • 1st Latin American colony to win independence

7. libertadores end spanish rule • Two leaders pushed most of South America to independence • Simon Bolivar • Venezuela • & eventually all former Spanish colonies • Jose de San Martin • Argentina • Chile

8. 1821: Mexico • Mestizos & Indians led the fight for independence • 1810: Miguel Hidalgo (village priest) called for revolt against Spain • Creoles united w/Spain to put down the revolt • 1815: Jose Maria Morelos took over leadership of rebels as fighting continued • Again Creoles won • 1821: Following a revolution in Spain, Creoles & others joined together to win Mexican independence

9. 1822: Brazil • Brazil became free through a bloodless revolution • 8,000 Creoles petitioned the son of Portugal’s king to rule an independent Brazil • He agreed

10. Effects of latinamerican wars for independence • Hurt societies & economies—turmoil continued in the region • Local leaders disagreed & split new nations into smaller units

11. Revolutions disrupt europe

12. The struggle for power • In the first ½ of the 1800s, three forces competed for power within the countries of Europe • Liberals • Conservatives • Radicals • Liberal & nationalist uprisings challenged the old conservative order of Europe

13. Competing goals in europe

14. Nationalism spreads • Nationalism: belief that a person’s loyalty should go not to the ruler but to the nation itself • Nationalists believed that people with a common language & culture were a nation • Had the right to their own government  Idea grew out of the French Revolution

15. Greece 1830: Greece wins independence • 1st to win self-rule during this period • For centuries Greece was part of the Ottoman Empire • 1821: Revolted against Turkish rule • Other nations aided Greece • Didn’t like revolts & wanted to help

16. Other revolts • 1830: Belgians declare independence from Dutch rule • Nationalists began struggle to unify all of Italy • Poles revolted against Russian rule • 1848: Fighting among Hungarians & Czechs Conservatives put down rebellions forcefully

17. france • Events differed in France • 1830: Riots forced the King to flee & put a new king in his place • 1848: Revolt overthrew king & established a republic • Victory for the Radicals

18. Changes in france • Radicals argued over how much France should be changed • Social, political, & economic changes • Forces fought in the streets— France gave up on a radical government • Introduced new government w/legislature & strong president

19. Louis-napoleon • Named President of France • Nephew of Napoleon • Later named himself “Emperor of France” • Built railroads & promoted the growth of French industry • Economy revived & more people had jobs

20. russia • Biggest problem in the early 1800s was serfdom • Russia’s rulers feared freeing the serfs • Didn’t want to lose the support of the nobles • 1850s: Russian army lost war to take over part of Ottoman Empire

21. Alexander ii • Believed that Russia needed to modernize its economy • Created many reforms • Issued Edict of Emancipation—freed serfs although their debts still tied them to the land

22. Alexander iii • 1881: Alexander II assassinated • Efforts to change Russia were cut short • Alexander III brought back tight control over Russia • Moved to make the economy more industrial

23. Patterns of change: nationalism

24. Factors of nationalism • Nationality • Common ethnic ancestry • Language • Culture • History • Religion • Many factors linked people to one another

25. Nation-states French Revolution served as a prime example • People sharing common traits were thought to have the right to a land they could call their own • Groups with their own governments were called nation-states • Leaders began to use nationalism as a powerful force for uniting people

26. Rulers see nationalism differently AS UNIFYING IDEA AS A THREAT Used to destroy long-standing empires Examples: Austrian Empire Ottoman Empire Russia • Used to build nations Examples: • Italy • Germany AS A RESULT OF BOTH, THE BALANCE OF POWER IN EUROPE CHANGED

27. Austrian empire • Forced to split into 2 parts • Austria • Hungary • Nationalism continued to plague rulers for 40 years • Kingdoms broke up into several smaller states

28. Russia • Harsh rule & a policy of forcing others to adopt Russian ways led to revolution • 1917: Russian Revolution • Czar overthrown

29. Ottoman empire • Like Russia & the Austrian Empire it also broke apart around the time of World War I

30. Italy Austria & Spain controlled large parts of Italy, then… • 1848: Nationalists tried to unite the nation • Revolts were beaten down • Piedmont-Sardinia • Chief Minister to the King, Count Cavour worked to expand control to the north • Giuseppi Garibaldi led “Red Shirts” to win control of south • Eventually, the north, south, & area around Venice were united • Government would continue to have economic problems

31. germany Had been divided into many different states for many centuries… • German Confederation • 39 states belonged to this league • Controlled by Prussia & Austria-Hungary—over time Prussia became more powerful

32. Otto von bismarck • Prime Minister of Prussia • Joined with Austria to gain control of new lands • Then, quickly turned against them to gain even more land • Won the loyalty of the remaining German areas • Purposefully angered France so that it would start a war with Prussia

33. Unifying germany • European balance of power had changed • Germany & Britain were strongest powers • France, Austria, Russia, & Italy were all weaker • When Prussia won the war, Bismarck accomplished his goal • The war with France gave the southern German states a nationalistic feeling • Joined other states in naming king of Prussia the head of a united Germany

34. Revolutions in the arts

35. Romanticism • Movement In art & ideas • Showed deep interest in nature & the thoughts/feelings of the individual • Turned from reason to emotion & from society to nature

36. The ideas of romanticism • Emphasized inner feelings, emotions, & imagination • Focus on mysterious & supernatural—the odd, exotic, grotesque/horrifying • Beauty of untamed nature • Idealized the past as a simpler/nobler time • Glorified heroes & heroic actions • Cherished folk traditions, music, & stories • Valued common people & the individual • Promoted radical change & democracy

37. Examples of romanticism • Mary Shelley • Frankenstein • The Brothers Grimm • Wrote German fairy tales • Emily Bronte • Wuthering Heights • Victor Hugo • Les Miserables& The Hunchback of Notre Dame • Ludwig van Beethoven • 9th Symphony

38. realism • Shifted away from the ideas of romanticism • Caused by rapid industrialization • Tried to show life as it is—not how it should be • Included elements of suffering • Focused on the working class that lived in dirty, crowded cities

39. Realistic approach to art & literature • Interest in science encouraged realism • The camera recorded objective & precise images • Realist authors observed & reported as precisely & objectively as they could • Charles Dickens “Ships at Low Tide”

40. impressionism • Claude Monet • Edgar Degas • Pierre-Auguste Renoir • Movement began in 1860s by group of painters from Paris • Instead of showing “life as it really is”—they tried to give their impression of a subject or a moment in time • Showed more positive view of society in Western Europe than realist