Victorian Era

1. Victorian Era 1837 - 1901 ______________________

2. Victorian Society Named for __________________ reign Structured society – everyone had his/her own station in life & was happy in it a person’s destiny was pre-determined by 3 factors: 1. ______________ 2. ______________ 3. ______________ Queen Victoria’s Social class Gender Birthday (birth order)

3. Victorian Society continued … Structured society -- ________ & _______“behavior of _____ society” Era – ________ – appearance not substance Era – filled w/change and reform: increased focus on _________________ free ____________ introduced children’s ____ are introduced belief that children are to be _____________ Social Class etiquette polite hypocrisy human rights Public schooling toys nurtured & playful

4. Victorian Social Classes • __________; the wealthy • _____ class (industrialists, bankers, businessmen) • _____ classes Royalty/Titled Middle Lower

5. COULD Change Social Class • ____________ how many successful industrialists gained __________ even ________ (Gloria Vanderbilt married Duke of Marlborough) 2. ____________ – self-made man or adopted by one w/$ Marriage power & position. Americans Acquired wealth

6. Consequences – Changing Social Class 1. Shunned by ____ 2. _______– New Rich (such as Molly Brown fm The Titanic) 1-2 generations before family accepted peers Stigma

7. If $$ Lost • __________________ -- dependent on others’ good will 2. Children -- _______ Retained title & position Marry $$$

8. Lower Class • ______; exist to ______ the middle & titled classes. • Education – __________ --- ______to work. Ignored serve Little to none need

9. Middle Class • ambitious, __________, social climbers • ____________ wealthy's practices • ______________ -- grammar school --possibly attend _______ w/grants/scholarships hard working Emulated the Education University

10. Royalty/Titled Class • Multiple dwellings – ____________________ • _______ activities (hunting, riding, _______, parties and balls, _____ etc.) • ________ = business – ________________ 17/18 – introduced into ____-_ (________ ball) • __________ find husband City and Country Estates Leisure operas travel Parties find a husband society debutante 2-3 Seasons to

11. Royalty and Titled Class continued … 30+ Unmarried Women _____ – flawed – appearance &/or personality “Maiden aunt” “dusty ______ books in a library” __________ – generosity – other family members – support __________-- fortunate _______ possibilities –old widower -- ______ for children  Pitied useless Reliant on the Governess Marriage mother

12. EducationYoung Women – Class Titled Purpose -- find _______& be good ____ at home – governess & ____ teacher Subjects of ____: ______, ________, painting, music, French Entertaining _____, good hostess __________ – household staff, planning meals & parties  husband wife music study Sewing embroidery guests Management

13. Education Young Men – Titled Class ______________ (0-4 yrs.) live-in ________ (5-7 yrs.) _____________ school (8-16 yrs.) fee to attend & place secured at birth -- family name/title University – _______________ (17 –20/21 yrs.) graduation – ____________________ exams ________________ -- newspaper “_________” = failure _______ to family Governess tutor Private Oxford or Cambridge comprehensive Scores were published in Sent down disgrace

14. Young Man’s - ______ Destiny ________– date of birth (birth order) ____________ -- inherit ____ wealth, estates, titles, privileges -- succeed father Others -- 2 choices – __________ – respectable; low pay   Dependent Oldest all army or clergy

15. Victorian Period (1832-1901) The Victorian era was a time of ___________________. After ________ defeat at Waterloo, in 1815, Britain was not involved in a major European war until _____ began in 1914. The ______________ of the 18th century greatly expanded during the Victorian period. Over the course of the century, it created new ______, new goods, new ______, and new ______ for tens of thousands of people, climbing through the complicated levels of the middle class.  History for many Victorians meant ______, and this progress was often measured in ______ success. peace and economic growth Napoleon's WWI Industrial Revolution towns wealth jobs progress material

16. Victorian Period (1832-1901) continued … At the beginning of Victoria’s reign, her first decade was full of ______: depression, ___________, 1 1/2 million people on ________, working conditions horrific (especially for children), potato ______ caused _____ in Ireland (causing people to emigrate), ______ (2 toilets to every 250 people), filthy and polluted cities (Thames River), ______ problems. trouble unemployment poor relief famine blight slums sewage

17. Victorian Period (1832-1901) continued … Movement for ______: violence broke out at massive political rallies to ______ government policies that kept food ________ high and deprived working class males of the ____ and __________ in Parliament. Many women approached social reform as a _____ and _______ duty. One of these women was ______________, a nurse, who became an ____________ on public health. She observed that __________ could save lives. During the ________________, Nightingale worked with soldiers and observed that inadequate food, clothing, and ______________________ -- more than the wounds from fighting – contributed to their disastrous ________________ rate. reform protest prices vote representation moral spiritual Florence Nightingale authority sanitation Crimean War unsanitary conditions mortality

18. Victorian Period (1832-1901) continued … Still in the midst of all this, most Victorians felt that things were ______ than ever in the past and that things would continue to _________ in the future. Some truth to this: steady improvement in ____________ of all classes throughout Victorian era, price of________ dropped mid-century (trade w/other countries), ____ improved as meat, fruit, margarine (Victorian invention) began to appear regularly in middle class homes. Factories and railroads made goods and services affordable. better improve Material condition food diet

19. Victorian Period (1832-1901) continued … Political reforms gave vote to almost all ______ by last decades of century. Organized political action by ______ (Victorian invention), women couldn’t vote until 1928, but began being involved to push for vote with Victorian era.  males women

20. Victorian Period (1832-1901) continued … A series of _________ limited ________and reduced their work day to ___ hours with 1/2 holiday on Saturday. State supported schools established in 1870, made compulsory in 1880, and free in 1891. In 1859, ____ of couples getting married could not write their names on marriage certificates. By 1900, more than ____ could. Many Victorians saw themselves progressing ______ and ________ as well as materially. The middle class was mostly obsessed with _______ or decorum: “prudery.”  Factory Acts child labor 10 40% 90% morally spiritually gentility

21. Victorian Period (1832-1901) continued … Lots covered up: editors deleted or obscured words and episodes that might make young person blush. ___________ for sex, birth, death. People arrested for distributing information about _____ . Seduced or ________ women (not men) judged as “fallen” and ___________. Euphemism adulterous STDs ostracized

22. Victorian Period (1832-1901) continued … Uneasy about giving ____________ to central government. _____________ father of middle class households. Women subject to ____________ (expected to marry and create refuge for family). Women who didn’t marry had few occupations open to them. If working class, could be ____________ in affluent home; if middle class, could be __________ or teacher. authority Autocratic male authority servant governess

23. Victorian Period (1832-1901) continued … Excesses, cruelties, hypocrisies of all ___________ obvious even to those living, but the idea of decorum ingrained in their idea of progress. _______ and _________ intended to control the wildness and __________ actions that Victorians associated with the political revolutions of 18th century. repressions Prudery Social order uninhibited

24. Victorian Period (1832-1901) continued … Believed that life could and would be improved if it steadily became more refined, more rationally organized, better policies (therefore, safer).  _____________: Humans began to understand the earth, its creatures, its natural laws. Geologists, biologists (__________). Industrialization made use of _________, especially chemistry, and technology. Intellectual Progress Darwin science

25. Victorian Period (1832-1901) continued … Victorian and Romantic literature is ______: similar ________ used, similar _______, idea of poet being ________________. Even more so believed their writing could _________ how people acted in their moral, social, and even political lives by changing their awareness of what was happening to themselves and in the world around them. genre similar special seer/sage topics change

26. Victorian Period (1832-1901) continued … Victorian writers asked ___________ and raised _________. 5 main questions: 1) Does material comfort fully satisfy human needs? 2) Is the achievement of those material comforts worth the exploitation of the earth? 3) Are our codes of decorum and authority acceptable or are they hypocritical? 4) Do our materialistic ideas overlook the spirit or soul that makes life beautiful and just? 5) Is there really a coherence in history and nature?  questions doubts

27. Victorian Period (1832-1901) continued … ____________ = most popular and most important figure of Victorian era. Epitome of Victorian___________. Rose through ___________ background through own talents and energy to become famous and wealthy. Increased affluence and ____________ of people, widened his reading ______________, and improved ___________ and _____________, made book publishing big business. Victorian conviction that things work out well for ____________ people; most memorable scenes, however, show decent people neglected, abused, and exploited. Dickens ___________ hollowness, glitter, superficiality, and excesses of Victorian affluence. <-- common theme in Victorian literature. Also raised questions about the cost of progress: smog! Charles Dickens success impoverished literacy audience printing distribution decent attacked

28. Victorian Period (1832-1901) continued … Materialism, secularism, ___________, and sheer _______ that accompanied Victorian progress led some writers (such as Tennyson) to wonder if their culture was really advancing by any measure. Tennyson, early Victorian writers: belief in Transcendental power. Highest purpose of poet, of any writer, was to make readers aware of the ____________ between earth and ________, body and _________, material and ________. (____________ of Romantic belief of human mind interacting with nature)  vulgarity waste connection heaven soul ideal Extension

29. Victorian Period (1832-1901) continued … Later Victorian writers found it difficult to believe in an _______________ and _________ that made sense of material and human existence. Some thought it unnecessary. Others felt saddened by what they saw as ____________from the world (Matthew Arnold). Skepticism and denial. Two most important and consistent purposes or effects of Victorian literature: 1) make readers _____________ if reality was really like the literature 2) demonstrate that no matter how ________________ reality seemed to be, writer and reader could make pleasing _____________ from it.  infinite power order God’s withdrawal hope or wonder bleak and disorderly order

30. ART The _________________ challenged artistic authority. This group of artists embraced the _________ while ____________ “conventionalities and feeble reminiscences from the Old Masters.” Dissatisfied with Victorian _________, a group of seven young men modeled their work after _________ painters (those who came before _______) whom they believed had a more _________ vision. Pre-Rafaelite Brotherhood ordinary rejecting complacency medieval Rafael natural

31. VICTORIAN DRAMA: FROM COMIC RELIEF TO REALISM Theatre in the early part of Victorian’s reign provided little to ___________ anyone. Comedy must have the license to _____________, to ___________, to look under the bed, and to _______. However, Victoria’s England was marked by prudery, good taste, _____________ of natural feelings, high mindedness, and official __________________. The operettas of William S. Gilbert (1875), written to the music of Arthur Sullivan, provided some delightful ______________. Seen today as charming, they were considered ______________ ridicule of the law, the navy, the world of aesthetes and the ____________. These operettas influenced future playwrights such as _____________ and ______________, both of whom moved forward toward _____________. amuse explore expose ridicule repression censorship entertainment irreverent aristocracy Oscar Wilde George Bernard Shaw Realism