1. URINARY TRACT INFECTION

3. There are 4 possible modes of bacterialentry into the genitourinary tract: 1- Periurethral bacteria ascending 2- Hematogenous spread ( immunocompromised patients and in neonates). Staphylococcus aureus, Candida species, and Mycobacterium tuberculosisare common pathogens that travel through the blood to infect the urinary tract. 3- Lymphatogenous spread ( little scientific support ) 4- Direct extension of bacteria from adjacent organs

4. CAUSATIVE PATHOGENS: Atleast 80% of the uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritisare due to E. coli, with most of pathogenic strainsbelonging to the O serogroups. In hospitalacquired UTIs, a wider variety of causative organisms is found, including Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus spp. UTIs caused by S.aureusoften result from hematogenous dissemination. Group B beta-hemolytic streptococci can cause UTIs inpregnant women. S. saprophyticus, once often thought of as urinary contaminants, can cause uncomplicated UTIs in young women.

5. DIAGNOSIS: urinalysis and urine culture voided specimen (Most often). In children who are not toilettrained, a urine collection device (such as a bag) These 2 methods of urine collection are easy to obtain, but potential contamination from the vagina and perirectal area may occur. Suprapubic aspiration ( rarely used except in children and selected patients). Urinary catheter (urine specimen should be obtained from the collection port on the catheter).

7. Urinalysis: More than 3 WBCs per high-power field suggests a possibleinfection. • When bacteria counts are >100,000 CFU/mL, bacteria can be detected • Microscopically. Leukocyte esterase: breakdown of white blood cells (WBCs) Urinary nitrite: reduction of dietary nitrates by many gram negative bacteria Esterase and nitrite can be detected by a urine dipstick and are more reliable when the bacterialcount is >100,000 colony-forming units (CFU) per milliliter.

10. Urine Culture: The gold standard for identification of UTI is the quantitative culture of urine for specific bacteria. Traditionally, >100,000 CFU/mLis used to exclude contamination. However, studies have clearly demonstrated that clinically significant UTI can occur with <100,000CFU/mL bacteria in the urine.

17. KIDNEY INFECTION Acute Pyelonephritis

18. PRESENTATION AND FINDINGS: chills, fever, and costovertebral angle tenderness. lower-tract symptoms such as dysuria, frequency, and urgency. Sepsis may occur, with 20–30% of all systemic sepsis resulting from a urine infection. Leukocytosis, increased erythrocyte sedimentation, and elevated levels of C-reactive protein

19. MANAGEMENT: Parenteral therapy should be maintained until the patient defervesces. If bacteremia is present, parenteral therapy should be continued for an additional 7–10 days and then the patient should be switched to oral treatment for 10–14 days.

21. Emphysematous Pyelonephritis: Emphysematous pyelonephritis is a necrotizing infection characterized by the presence of gas within the renal parenchymaor perinephric tissue. About 80–90% of patients with emphysematous pyelonephritis have diabetes; the restof the cases are associated with urinary tract obstruction from calculi or papillary necrosis.

22. PRESENTATION AND FINDINGS: Patients with emphysematous pyelonephritis present with fever, flank pain, and vomiting thatfails initial managementwith parenteral antibiotics. Bacteria most frequently cultured from the urine include E. coli, Klebsiellapneumoniae, andEnterobacter cloacae.

23. RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING