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Today’s Slide Design: Bold Stripes

Today’s Slide Design: Bold Stripes. The History of the English Language. The Indo-Europeans. •Origins traced to 6000 B.C. •Nomadic tribes •Social castes: warriors, priests, and peasants •spoke varying dialects of Indo-European language. Indo-European Migration. •Began around 3500 B.C.

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Today’s Slide Design: Bold Stripes

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  1. Today’s Slide Design: Bold Stripes

  2. The History of the English Language

  3. The Indo-Europeans •Origins traced to 6000 B.C. •Nomadic tribes •Social castes: warriors, priests, and peasants •spoke varying dialects of Indo-European language

  4. Indo-European Migration •Began around 3500 B.C. •Two developments aiding migration: “I’m a big strong horse.” “I’m a big round wheel.”

  5. Indo-European Migration

  6. Migration of the Celts

  7. 55 B.C. Julius Caesar invades •Latin became dominant language •Soil cultivated, but not defenses •Romans withdrew 410 A.D. and…

  8. 449 A.D. Germanic Tribes invade •Angles, Saxons, Frisians, and Jutes •next 50 yrs: drove Celtic tribes westward to Celtic Fringe

  9. The Celtic Fringe

  10. Language of the Germanic Tribes •Anglo-Saxon or Old English •Surviving words: this, that, him, her, I, etc. •Not a written language; transmitted orally through songs and stories

  11. Beowulf •Events depicted, c. 525 A.D. • First transcribed in Old English, c. 725 A.D Page one of Beowulf manuscript

  12. 597 A.D.: Introduction of Christianity •597 A.D.: St. Augustine arrives in Kent •Construction of religious buildings Christian Influence on Vocabulary: Church words Introduction of foreign ideas New meanings to existing words Evangelium (good news) = god-spell = gospel

  13. 793 A.D.: Vikings invade England •Vikings= Norsemen •Norsemen= Swedes, Norwegians, and Danes •spoke Old Norse (syntactic language)

  14. Norse Influence on English Movement away from inflected language. Inflected language:meaning determined by word ending In Modern English: the king, the kings, the king’s, the kings’ In Old English: se cyning - singular, nominative pone cyning - singular accusative paes cyninges - singular, genitive paem cyninge - singular, dative py cyninge - singular, instrumental pa cyningas - plural, nominative para cyninga - plural, genitive paem cyningum - plural, dative

  15. Inflected Language Inflected language:meaning determined by word ending Se hund biteth thone ealdan mann (The dog bites the man.) means the same as Thone ealdan mann biteth se hunda (The dog bites the man.) WHY? In Old English, the -ne on thone and -an on ealdan indicate that “mann” is the object of the action, no matter in what order they appear, and forms of se and hund indicate that the “hund” does the biting.

  16. Division of England •878 A.D.: Alfred the Great fought Danes to standstill •886 A.D.: negotiated treaty dividing country along “Danelaw” •Alfred used English for educational purposes Alfred the Great: Savior of English

  17. 1066 A.D.: French Normans invade •William the Conqueror defeated King Harold of England at Battle of Hastings •King Harold is last English-speaking monarch for 300 years •French= conversational language •Latin= business language Who was speaking English? William the Conqueror Peasants and commoners!

  18. c. 1200: English makes a comeback! Reasons for resurgence of English: Religion Nationalistic Pride after Hundred Years’ War Anti-French Sentiment: Henry III & Edward I Black Death

  19. 1150-1500 A.D.: Transformation to Middle English English becomes syntactical language. Syntactical: meaning determined by word order rather than endings. Middle English Old English

  20. Geoffrey Chaucer •1386 A.D.: Chaucer began writing The Canterbury Tales. •Composed in Middle English •1403 A.D.: English became official language of England

  21. Major Events in the History of the English Language • 3500 B.C. –– Indo-European migration begins • 1500 B.C. –– Celtic peoples established in Britain • 55 A.D. –– Julius Caesar invades Britain • 410 A.D.–– Romans withdraw • c. 449 A.D. –– Germanic tribes, including the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, invade Britain • c. 525 A.D. –– Period of events depicted in Beowulf • 597 A.D.–– Augustine establishes first archbishopric at Canterbury, • c. 725 A.D.–– Beowulf transcribed in Old English • c. 793 A.D.–– Vikings invade and conquer parts of northern and central England • 1066 A.D.–– William the Conqueror and the Norman French win the Battle of Hastings • 1386 A.D.–– Geoffrey Chaucer begins to write The Canterbury Tales in Middle English • 1564 A.D.–– Birth of Shakespeare

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