Cells Chapter 7 Page 168 - 197

1. CellsChapter 7 Page 168 - 197 Cell Theory Types of Cells Organelles

2. Cell Theory • Cells are the basic units of life • All living things have cells • All cells come from preexisting cells • Cells hold genetic information – DNA • Cells have a membrane that encloses and protects it from its surroundings • Cells divide and produce more cells through mitosis

3. Types of Cells • Prokaryote – has no nucleus or organelles - usually unicellular (1 cell) - bacteria & viruses • Eukaryote – has a nucleus and organelles - usually multicellular (↑ 1 cell) - plants & animals • Both have a cell membrane & cytoplasm

4. Cell membrane Cytoplasm Cell membrane Cytoplasm PROKARYOTE & EUKARYOTE Section 7-1 Prokaryotic Cell Nucleus Eukaryotic Cell Organelles Go to Section:

5. Cell Venn Diagram use organelles to show the differences & similarities of the two categories. (page 175) Section 7-2 Animal Cells Plant Cells Go to Section:

6. Cell Wall Chloroplasts Vacuoles Venn Diagrams Section 7-2 Animal Cells Plant Cells Cell membrane Ribosomes Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Lysosomes centrioles Go to Section:

7. Section 7-1 Quiz • Name 4 of the 6 points in the Cell Theory. • State the differences & similarities between prokaryotes & eukaryotes • Name the structures that are only found in the plant cell. • Name the structures that are only found in animal cells.

8. Cells- The Building Blocks of Life • How many cells are estimated in make up the human body? • How many different types of cells are in the body? • Red blood cells carry ________ through the body. • White blood cells fight __________. • __________ are specialized structures inside eukaryotic cells • DNA is found in the ___________. • ____ is the “blueprint” of cells • Ribosome's make ____________. • Mitochondria create ________ for the cell. • Plants have ____________ that contain a green pigment. • The __________ is where water is stored in plant cells.

9. Cells – Basic Unit of Life Film – quiz 3/14/07 • 1. How many cells are estimated in make up the human body? • 2. How many different types of cells are in the body? • 3. __________ are specialized structures inside eukaryotic cells • 4. DNA is found in the ___________. • 5. ____ is the “blueprint” of cells • 6. Mitochondria create ________ for the cell. • 7. Plants have ____________ that contain a green pigment. • 8. The __________ is where water is stored in plant cells.

10. Section 7-1 review questions – class work 7/2/07 1. What is the structure that makes up every living thing? 2. What was Anton van Leeuwenhoek the first to see in the 1600s? 3. What did a thin slice of cork seem like to Robert Hooke when he observed it through a microscope? 4. What did the German botanist Matthias Schleiden conclude? 5. What did the German scientist Theodor Schwann conclude? 6. How did Rudolph Virchow summarize his years of work? 7. What are the three concepts that make up the cell theory? 8. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about prokaryotes. a. They grow and reproduce. b. Many are large, multi-cellular organisms. c. They are more complex than cells of eukaryotes. d. They have cell membranes and cytoplasm. 9. What is an organelle? 10. Are all eukaryotes large, multi-cellular organisms?

11. 8. Complete the table about structures that are common to most cells.

12. Complete the table about the two categories of cells. TWO CATEGORIES OF CELLS

13. Warm up 3/15/07 Division of Labor A cell is made up of many parts with different functions that work together. Similarly, the parts of a computer work together to carry out different functions. Answer the following questions. 1. What are some of the different parts of a computer? What are the functions of these computer parts? 2. How do the functions of these computer parts correspond to the functions of certain cell parts?

14. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Vacuole Ribosome (free) Chloroplast Ribosome (attached) Cell Membrane Nuclear envelope Cell wall Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrian Rough endoplasmic reticulum Plant Cell Section 7-2 Go to Section:

15. Animal Cell Section 7-2 Ribosome (fixed) Ribosome (free) nucleolus Cell membrane nucleus Nuclear envelope mitochondria Rough ER Smooth ER Golgi Complex centriole Go to Section:

17. Magic of Cells Quiz • What are the 3 basic characteristics of life displayed by all cells? • Prokaryotes are primarily of what type of organism? • How many cells are in the human body? • What are the 3 divisions found within the eukaryotic cell? • Define semipermeable. • What does organelle mean? • What is a vesicle? • What is the function of DNA within the nucleus? • What are the 3 organelles found only in plant cells? • What is the difference between cilia & flagella?

18. Key for Organelles • = what the organelles are made of 1. = functions of the organelles

19. Cell Membrane • Thin flexible barrier made of a lipid bilayer that surrounds cells • Lipid bilayer – 2 layers of lipids with proteins embedded in it with CHO chains attached • Regulates what comes in & out of cell • Protection • support

20. Cell Wall • Rigid layer outside of cell membrane • Made of carbohydrates & protein • Found only in plant cells 1. Provides support & protection to the cell

21. Nucleus • Large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope • Contains DNA • Controls all cell activities • DNA made here

22. Nucleolus • Small dense region inside the nucleus 1. Makes ribosomes

23. Chromatin • Granular material that consists of DNA • Found in the nucleus 1. Condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides

24. Chromosome • Thread like structures that contain genetic information • Passes genetic information from one generation to the next • Units of heredity

25. Cytoplasm • Jellylike substance outside of nucleus but enclosed by the cell membrane • Where all organelles are found 1. Gives cell its shape

26. Ribosome • Small particles of RNA & protein • Found throughout the cytoplasm • 2 types – free & attached 1. Makes proteins

27. Mitochondria • Peanut shaped organelle enclosed by 2 membranes (inner & outer) • Only inherited from your mom! • Converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that the cell can use for energy • “powerhouse” “energy maker”

28. Golgi Complex • Stacks of membranes closely packed together 1. modify, sort, & package proteins & other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for storage in the cell or for secretion out of the cell

29. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth (ER) • Internal membrane system without ribosomes • Contains enzymes • Makes lipids • Transports materials inside cell Smooth ER

30. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough (ER) • Internal membrane system with ribosome's attached • Surrounds the nucleus 1. Synthesis of proteins from ribosomes

31. Centrioles • Located near the nucleus • Made of microtubules 1. Helps with cell division

32. Cytoskeleton • Network of protein filaments • Made of microfilaments & microtubules • Help support cell • Maintains its shape • Helps materials move within the cell

33. Lysosome • Small organelle filled with enzymes • Found only in animal cell • Eats or breakdown lipids, carbohydrates, & proteins • Removes junk from cell • Breakdown old organelles

34. Chloroplast • Large stacks of membranes • Found only in plant cells 1. Capture energy from sunlight & converts it into chemical energy - Photosynthesis

35. Vacuole • Storage saclike structures • Found only in plant cells 1. Stores water, food, salts, Carbohydrates, proteins & wastes

36. Contractile vacuole • Specialized vacuole • Pumps excess water out of cells • Helps maintain homeostasis

37. Warm Up “In or Out?” Section 7-3 • How is a window screen similar to a cell membrane? Read on to find out. • 1. What are some things that can pass through a window screen? • 2. What are some things that cannot pass through a window screen? Why is it important to keep these things from moving through the screen? • 3. The cell is surrounded by a cell membrane, which regulates what enters and leaves the cell. Why is it important to regulate what moves into and out of a cell? Go to Section:

38. Answers to Warm Up • - air - dust - water • - bugs - cats - dogs • - to make sure only the needed materials come in like CHO, lipids, water & minerals - to make sure the right things go out. Like wastes, and materials made in the cell that are needed in the rest of the body - to make sure homeostasis is kept stable inside the cell

39. Carbohydrate chains Proteins Cell membrane Protein channel Lipid bilayer CELL MEMBRANE Section 7-3 Outside of cell Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Proteins – embedded in lipid bilayer - form channels & pumps that help move materials in & out of the cell - have Carbohydrates attached to them - CHO act as chemical identification cards, so cells can communicate with eachother Go to Section:

40. Figure 7-17 Osmosis Osmosis – diffusion of water across a membrane Section 7-3 Water moves from higher concentration to lower concentration Water will tend to move across a membrane until EQUILIBRIUM is reached. ISOTONIC = “same strength” - SAME CONCENTRATION HYPERTONIC = “above strength” - MORE CONCENTRATION HYPOTONIC = “below strength” - LESS CONCENTRATION Higher Concentration of Water Water molecules Cell membrane Sugar molecules Lower Concentration of Water Go to Section:

41. Figure 7-17 Osmosis DIFFUSION – when particles tend to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. When the concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane – EQUILIBRIUM is reached Section 7-3 DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGY Higher Concentration of solute solute Even when EQUILIBRIUM is reached, particles will continue to move across the membrane in both direction Is no further change to the CONCENTRATION Cell membrane Lower Concentration of solute Go to Section:

42. FACILITATED DIFFUSION • Some molecules can not freely pass through the cell membrane • PROTEINS in membrane will help or “FACILITATE” the movement of these molecules • Proteins act like CHANNELS OR “TUNNELS” so the molecules can pass in and out of cell • Even though it is fast & specific, • IT IS STILL DIFFUSION • SO IT DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGY

43. Figure7-20 Active Transport ACTIVE TRANSPORT Section 7-3 When particles move from a lesser concentration to a higher concentration OPPOSITE of DIFFUSION REQUIRES ENERGY Carried out by transport protein or “pumps” that are in the membrane Molecule to be carried Low Concentration Cell Membrane High Concentration Molecule being carried Low Concentration Cell Membrane High Concentration Go to Section: Energy Energy

44. Classwork 11/8 Answer the following questions on a separate piece of paper. This is due at the end of the period. • Describe the functions of the cell membrane & the cell wall. • What happens during diffusion? Draw a picture to show the process. • Describe how water moves during osmosis. Draw a picture to show the process. • Name the basic structures of a cell membrane. Draw a picture to illustrate it. • What is the main way that active transport is different from diffusion?

45. Quiz on section 7-3 1.Name the 3 substances that make up a cell membrane 2.List 2 characteristics of diffusion 3.List 2 characteristics of osmosis 4.List 2 characteristics of facilitated diffusion 5.Compare and contrast diffusion and active transport

46. Organelle Quiz 3-28-07 • In addition to a cell membrane, plant cells also have a __________ that serves to provide strength & support to the cell. • The cell structure that prepares & packages proteins either for use within the cell or for shipment out of the cell is the _____________. • The _______ is the semiliquid portion of the cell in which the cell parts are located. • The “powerhouse” of the cell is the __________. • The ________ is referred to as the headquarters of cell operations.