Border and Transportation Security (BTS)

1. Border and Transportation Security (BTS) Introduction CSE 8394

2. The Premise • Department of Homeland Security (DHS) • Vision: • Preserving our freedoms, protecting America ... we secure our homeland. • Mission: • We will lead the unified national effort to secure America. We will prevent and deter terrorist attacks and protect against and respond to threats and hazards to the nation. We will ensure safe and secure borders, welcome lawful immigrants and visitors, and promote the free-flow of commerce. CSE 8394

3. DHS – Strategic Goals • Awareness • Prevention • Protection • Response • Recovery • Service • Organizational excellence Strategic Plan - Download CSE 8394

4. Major Directorates of DHS CSE 8394

5. DHS Organizational Chart Executive Secretary Commandant of Coast Guard (1) Legislative Affairs Secretary ---------------------------------- Deputy Secretary Inspector General Public Affairs General Counsel State and Local Coordination Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Citizenship & Immigration Service Ombudsman (1) Director, Bureau of Citizenship & Immigration Services (1) Special Assistant to the Secretary (private sector) Director of the Secret Service (1) Small & Disadvantaged Business Privacy Officer National Capital Region Coordination Chief of Staff International Affairs Shared Services Counter Narcotics Under Secretary Management Under Secretary Science and Technology Under Secretary Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection Under Secretary Border & Transportation Security Under Secretary Emergency Preparedness and Response CSE 8394

6. BTS Directorate • Why border and transportation together? • Can you see computer security without network security? • Homeland security starts at border • Border security does not start at the border • Border security does not end at the border • Air, sea, and land transportation networks extend borders outward and inward CSE 8394

7. Confounding Issues of BTS • Economical • Borders and ports are not just "openings" to be secured.  They are economic doors that must remain open • We must not "shut down" our economy in order to save it! • If you shut down the borders you would achieve one thing that the terrorist could not – destroy our economy • Political • Neighbor politics, International politics, electorate politics • Humane • Asylums, profiling, immigration • Ethical • Privacy vs. security (PNR etc), profiling • Strategic • International students, work force, tech transfer CSE 8394

8. How Vast is Our Borders? • 5525 mile border with Canada • 1989 mile border with Mexico • Maritime border • 9500 miles of shoreline’ • 3.4 million square miles of exclusive economic zone • 500 millionpeople legally enter • 330 million non-citizens • 85% of them via land • Enormous volume of trade • 1.35 trillion in imports (2001) • 1.3 trillion in exports CSE 8394

9. National Vision for Secure Border • Single entity (DHS) to manage who and what enters our border • To prevent terrorists and instruments of terror • Facilitating legal flow of people, goods, and services • DHS and partners will extend BTS to abroad • To the extend allowed by technology, and international agreements • Swift action by Federal agencies against violators • Partnership between US govt., international communities, and private sector to secure transportation systems which link the US to the world CSE 8394

10. Major Initiatives • Ensure Accountability in BTS • Create “smart borders” • Increase the security of international shipping containers • Implement the aviation and transportation security act • Re-capitalize the US coast guard • Reform immigration services CSE 8394

11. Initiatives (Cont’d) • Ensure Accountability in BTS • Principal agencies under one department (DHS) • INS • US Custom Service • US coast guard • Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service • TSA (Transportation Security Agency) • Control issuance of visa • Coordinate border-control activities all agencies outside the department CSE 8394

12. Initiatives (Cont’d) • Create “smart borders” • Border of the future • Continuum framed by land, sea, and air dimensions (as opposed to Linear Borders of today) • Layered management for greater visibility of vehicles, people, and goods crossing the border • Greater security through better intelligence, coordinated national effort and international cooperation • Increasingly transparent to efficient flow of people, goods, and conveyances CSE 8394

13. Smart Borders (cont’d) CSE 8394

14. Smart Borders (cont’d) • International cooperation to improve travel documents • Visa issuance against threat assessment based on comprehensive databases • Biometric information • Tracking of people inside the country • Systems in place: • US-VISIT: US Visit and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology • SEVIS: Student and Exchange Visitor Information System CSE 8394

15. Initiatives (Cont’d) • Increase the security of international shipping containers • Containers represent indispensable weak link in the chain of global trade • 90% of world cargo moves by container • 50% of (in value) of US imports arrive in 16 million containers • Security criteria to identify high-risk containers • Technology to inspect high-risk containers • Technology to develop smart, secure containers • Container Security Initiatives (CSI) CSE 8394

16. CSI • U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) CSI team works in the host country with the host government to identify and target for pre-screening containers that may pose a risk for terrorism. • Host government conducts the inspection while the US CSI team observes. • Low-risk and CSI-pre-screened containers enter without additional delay unless more information dictates otherwise. • CSI both increases security and facilitates flow of legitimate trade. CSE 8394

17. Initiatives (Cont’d) • Implement the aviation and transportation security act • Fundamental change in performing and managing transportation security • Partnership between federal, state, and local govts. and private sector • Emphasis on • Commercial aviation and mass-transport system • Hazardous and explosive material • Surety of transportation operators and workers • Information sharing CSE 8394

18. Initiatives (Cont’d) • Re-capitalize the US coast guard • Provide sufficient resources commensurate with multiple missions • National defense • Maritime safety and mobility • Protection of natural resources CSE 8394

19. Initiatives (Cont’d) • Reform immigration services • Better control on “no-man’s land” • Fair and fluent admission policies • Recognize the importance of the labor force • Recognize the economic impact • Other border conundrums • Drug traffickers know more about the border than the patrol • If we cannot stop the drug traffickers, how can we stop terrorists • New identification at south border – OTMs • More people (first) and better technology (second) needed • Desirable no. estimated at 40,000 with their own aviation, maintenance, logistics • Shift in paradigm, they are not just stopping migrants, rather saving lives CSE 8394

20. Some Support Initiatives • ABC – Arizona Border Control • Use of UAVs • Increase in number of agents (+400) • TRIP – Transit and Rail Inspection Pilot • Looking only for explosives • MANPADS - man-portable air defense systems • Bringing military solution to commercial aircraft • Current solutions may not be practical in a heavily populated area • Nexus and FAST • Expedites frequent travelers and pre-cleared trucks across the border CSE 8394

21. Support Initiatives (cont’d) • C-TPAT : Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism • Companies secure supply chain through suggested, intense security practices • Benefits include reduced inspection, fast lane services etc. • VACIS: mobile device that uses gamma rays to inspect containers, tankers and trucks for contraband • Other hand-held radiation detectors for every inspector • Non-intrusive inspection systems, isotope based, acoustic etc. CSE 8394

22. Support Initiatives (cont’d) • CAPPS II: Computer Assisted Passenger Pre-Screening System • Passengers will be color coded (G,Y,R) • Controversial due to several concerns • TOPOFF II: Top Official • Bi-annual exercise (2000, 03?, 05) • Part of National Exercise Program (NEP) CSE 8394

23. Operation Liberty Shield • Catch-all comprehensive national plan designed to increase protection • Increased security at borders • Stronger transportation protections • Ongoing measures to disrupt threats against our nation • Greater protections for critical infrastructure and key assets • Increased public health preparedness • Federal response resources positioned and ready CSE 8394

24. BTS Technology Perspective CSE 8394

25. What’s the Problem? • 2-3% of the containers rumored to be inspected • 200% increase in workforce needed for border patrol to be fully functional • Unacceptable rate of missed detections and false positives in transportation and border security measures • Abundance of data, dearth of inference • Lack of information sharing • Expensive, often dysfunctional, technologies • Excessive delays CSE 8394

26. Boon of Technology • Resource multiplication • Through better sensing, detection, and surveillance • Quick information gathering and distribution • Automation of various steps in the security cycle • Commiditization of the BTS infrastructure More and better eyes, ears, brains CSE 8394

27. Bane of Technology • Too much technology • Expensive technologies • Technology for the sake of technology • Demanding technologies • Race to cash in the early fervor • Lack of standards creating interoperability issues • Non-functional technology worse that not having it • Commercialization channels reaching terrorists CSE 8394

28. What is Needed • Cost-effective new technologies • To achieve all the promises • To stay ahead of the miscreants • Prediction • Initial curve • Proper independent evaluation • Standardization for interoperability • Process for deployment, maintenance, and upgrade CSE 8394

29. Our View of Technology Layers CSE 8394

30. Specific Technologies • Devices • Scanners and sensors • Electronic seals on cargo containers • Smart video camera systems • Radiological detectors • Other hazard free technologies • Radiological hazardous to workers • Hazard free techs such as Acoustic, isotope based, tetra-hertz, and neutron beam detectors • Vapor sensors • Micro-motion sensors • RF-IDs CSE 8394

31. Technologies (cont’d) • Reliable data collection and distribution • Sensor networks • Wired and wireless network • Satellite channels • Mobile-ad hoc networks • Secure, reliable, and easy information sharing CSE 8394

32. Technologies (cont’d) • Information analysis • Admittedly the biggest vulnerability • Rare event detection • Anomaly detection • Outlier detection • Data mining • Predictive techniques CSE 8394

33. Rest of the Course • Initiatives • Technologies • Products • Players • Student participation CSE 8394