Unit 6 A Divided Nation 1861-1865

1. Unit 6A Divided Nation1861-1865

2. WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT THE CIVIL WAR? • Take a few minutes and write down what you know about this American conflict • People involved, Battles, Events

4. Causes of the Civil War • SLAVERY • DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH • ABOLITIONISM • SLAVERY IN THE WESTERN TERRITORIES • COMPROMISE OF 1850 • KANSAS NEBRASKA ACT • STATES RIGHTS • ELECTION OF 1860 (Abe Lincoln) • The STORY OF US (DIVISION)

5. Tension Rises • Lincoln elected (1860), SC secedes • 1861: 7 total states secede • Form Confederate States of America • Jefferson Davis President, new congress, army • NC dilemma • Plantation owners wanted secession • 1860: 34,000 NC families owned slaves, 4,000 owned 20 or more slaves • Many wanted to wait and see

7. War Breaks Out!!! • Fort Sumter • Charleston, SC • President Davis orders troops to surrender • April 12th, 1861 Confederates open fire • Union soldiers surrender April 14th • Lincoln puts militia under U.S. control • Gov. Ellis of NC outraged: seized U.S. forts, armories, Charlotte Mint

9. North Carolina Secedes • Many excited, thousands rush to join militia • War= death, social turmoil, economic ruin • Many still wanted to remain in Union • With war NC had no choice • Fight other southerners if stayed in Union • May 20, 1861: NC votes to unanimously to secede

11. North Carolina’s Population, 1860

12. The First Battles • Most thought war would be quick • Both sides confident • Richmond Capitol of Virginia

13. Battle of Manassas (First Bull Run) • Union plan to take Richmond • Confederate army planned to meet them • Manassas, VA • People came to watch the “spectacle” • Confederate victory • General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson • Union soldiers, spectators scramble back to Washington • 5,000 killed or wounded

15. The Anaconda Plan • War comes to NC • Plan to encircle the South and block it from the outside world—Union General Winfield Scott • South economy depended on trade • Needed to import guns, cloth, plows, shoes • 2 parts to plan: Naval blockade, Union soldiers capture trading cities on coast and Mississippi River

17. Quiz • What were 3 causes of the Civil War? • What time period (years) was the Civil War? • Who was the President of the Confederate States of America? • What battle started the Civil War? • What battle did people come to watch and ended up getting caught in?

18. 6. The strategy during the Civil War to blockade goods from the South. 7. Compulsory drafting of people to war. 8. An order legislated by a ruler or government authority. 9. To leave without permission, as in a soldier leaving the army. 10. Someone who brews homemade alcohol. 11. Bringing a group of people under the control of another. Subjugation, Desert, Distiller, Conscription, Anaconda Plan, Decree

19. Blockades Squeeze North Carolina • Union troops land on Outer Banks (1861) • Capture Roanoke, New Bern, Beaufort, Plymouth • Thousands of slaves, free blacks rejoice • 1862: New Bern had 7,200 former slaves • New Bern: New churches, schools • Mecca of a Thousand Aspirations • Blacks support Union • Cook, wash, build forts, scout

24. War on Water • Ironclads • Scooners • “Mosquito” Gunboats

25. Submarines

27. Fort Fisher • NC: War on water and land • Fort Fisher: South of Wilmington • Most important fort in NC • Made of earth/sand • Wilmington: key port against Union Blockade • Shipped out cotton, brought goods in

30. Running the Blockade • Cotton to Bahamas (British) • Guns, cloth, food brought in • Wilmington filled with soldiers, businessmen

32. Emancipation • Abraham Lincoln makes a decree in 1862 • EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION: all slaves in Confederacy to be free on January 1st, 1863 • African-Americans can be soldiers for the Union • Did not free slaves in border states of Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri (did not want to alienate people of those states)

33. North Carolina’s Black Regiments • New Bern hotbed for recruiting/training black soldiers • 1st NC black regiment: 1st North Carolina Colored Volunteers (July 4th 1863) • 5,000 of NC African Americans served in Union army • 200,000 African Americans total fight for Union—boost in enthusiasm, energy

36. Hardships on the Home Front • South fighting a larger, wealthier, better-supplied enemy • South isolated • Burden on civilians • Most of NC: small-scale farmers, focused on family, friends; WAR changed this

37. Conscription and Taxes • 1862: Confederates began military CONSCRIPTION • Healthy men 18-35 had to spend 3 years in army • New tax called Tax-in-kind: give portion of crops to supply troops • Hard on farmers, family • Off to war, family fills in void • Food Shortages: price of corn, wheat, cloth rise

38. “A Rich Man’s War and a Poor Man’s Fight” • Conscription and taxes hit poor hard, not wealthy • One goal: preserve plantation agriculture(only for wealthy) • Owners of 20 or more slaves allowed to stay home • Doctors, lawyers, professionals same • Wealthy could hire substitutes

40. Tar Heels Keep Fighting • NC soldiers saw some of the war’s worst fighting • Fought in NOVA (Northern Virginia)

42. What are Tar Heels? • North Carolinians called Tar Heels: Origin from colonial times. NC produced great amounts of tar and pitch. Soldiers from NC stuck to their positions in battle like they had tar on their feet. • Post Civil War: used negatively as uneducated backwoodsmen

43. Politics at Home • 1862: change in government • Many unhappy with secession and how the war was fought • NC sent more soldiers to fight in Confederate Army then any other state

44. Struggling to Survive • War goes on, struggles of families grew • Most NC men at war, women plowing, harvesting, animal tending • Substitutes for things they couldn’t afford

45. Okra for Coffee • $18.00 for barrel of flour pre-war • $125.00 in 1864 • Bacon 1862: $.33 1865: $7.50 • Potatoes 1862 $1.00 1865: $30.00

46. Voicing Their Concerns • Many women suffer in silence • Others voice anger: group of Catawba County women confronted whiskey DISTILLERS • Shortage of wheat, wheat made whiskey instead of food • Chopped barrels of whiskey open (1,000 gallons) • Men off to war, women protecting homes

47. Women in Town • Women who lived in towns or cities survived war better than ones on farms • In town women could find jobs cooking, sewing uniforms, other war jobs • Many women become nurses • Thousands sick/wounded overwhelm hospitals • Women become teachers at this time as well

49. Soldiers Begin to Leave • Many soldiers begin to DESERT and head home (highest number of deserters) • Miss home, welfare of families • NC soldiers leave in large numbers • Anaconda plan squeezing South • Union troops in southern states • NC tax-in-kind rises

50. Deserters • Got help from pro-Union North Carolinians • Heroes of America; group helped deserters • Many headed for NC mountains to hide • Led to Union areas (Kentucky, WV, Tennessee)