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Main messages October, 2011

Main messages October, 2011. EQUAL?. Equal?... Example…. …. And yet, relative to boys and men, almost 4 million women die too early in the developing world compared with rich countries, almost 1 million in India.

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Main messages October, 2011

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  1. Main messages October, 2011

  2. EQUAL?

  3. Equal?... Example… • …. And yet, relative to boys and men, almost 4 million women die too early in the developing world compared with rich countries, almost 1 million in India In low & middle income countries life expectancy among women has increased by 20 years since 1960

  4. Missing women 1990 21% 34% 31% 29% 27% 2008 30% 1990: 265,000 2008: 257,000 1990: 428,000 2008: 251,000 1990: 388,000 2008: 228,000

  5. What does the WDR do? • The Report asks 3 questions: • (1) Do these inequalities matter? (2) Why do they persist? • (3) What do we do to eliminate them?

  6. (1) Why should we care? • Is the right thing to do… • ... is the smart thing to do

  7. Inequality has a cost • economic costs • shortchanges the next generation • and leads to institutions and policies that are unrepresentative

  8. How do we explain progress: The education example CCTs INFORMALINSTITUTIONS ECONOMIC OPPS. MARKETS Increasing returns to education HOUSEHOLDS Stable income AGENCY ENDOWMENTS FORMAL INSTITUTIONS Lower costs Growth Gender Equality

  9. No Progress: Economic Opportunities ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES INFORMAL INSTITUTIONS Social norms on care/market work INFORMALINSTITUTIONS MARKETS Differential access to labor/credit/land markets, and networks HOUSEHOLS Differential allocation time/resources HOUSEHOLDS MARKETS AGENCY ENDOWMENTS FORMAL INSTITUTIONS Biased law/regulations, and limited infrastructure FORMAL INSTITUTIONS Growth Gender Equality

  10. (3) What do we do to eliminate these gaps? • Focus on gaps that do not disappear with growth • Gender gaps in human endowments • Earnings and productivity gaps • Gender differences invoice and agency • The reproduction of gender inequality over time • Target determinants of gender inequality

  11. EQUAL ! www.worldbank.org/wdr2012

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