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Introduction to Nuclear Medicine Technology 231 NMT

Introduction to Nuclear Medicine Technology 231 NMT. Dr. Abdo Mansour Assistant Professor of radiology E-mail : a_mansour@inaya.edu.sa. Evaluation. First Assessment Exam 20 marks Participation and Attendance 20 marks

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Introduction to Nuclear Medicine Technology 231 NMT

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  1. Introduction to Nuclear Medicine Technology 231 NMT Dr. AbdoMansour Assistant Professor of radiology E-mail : a_mansour@inaya.edu.sa

  2. Evaluation First Assessment Exam 20 marks Participation and Attendance 20 marks Second Assessment Exam 20 marks Final Exam 40 marks 100

  3. Lecture No. 1, 2 & 3

  4. Learning objectives

  5. What is Nuclear Medicine * Inject radionuclide into the body. * Allow for distribution and uptake/metabolism of radionuclide (Radiopharmaceuticals). * A gamma camera detect gamma rays from the radionuclide after a certain time. * Image reconstruction.

  6. There are two popular method in Nuclear Medicine * Positron Emission Tomography (PET). * Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

  7. Physics Explanations 1- A short lived radioactive isotope (18F), is injected into the living subject (usually into blood circulation ) 2- Host cells uptake radionuclide based on metabolic rate (there is a waiting period while the active molecule becomes concentrated in tissues of interest). 3- Radionuclide generates gamma ray. .

  8. 4- Gamma ray measured by Nuclear technique and record data. 5- Millions of these data points are collected and analyzed. 6- Nuclear technique can create an image of the required part (such as, the brain).

  9. PET as example of a nuclear technique.

  10. How to obtain a functional imaging?1- The patient is injected with radionuclide.

  11. 2. Radionuclide is absorbed by an organ.

  12. 3. Image reconstruction

  13. Example: PET vs. CT

  14. Image is strongly depended on uptake the amount of radionuclide in organ tissue.

  15. History of Nuclear medicine • 1896 • Henri Becquerel discovered "rays" from uranium. • 1897 • Marie Curie named the rays "radioactivity“.

  16. 1925 • HerrmanBlumgart and Otto Yens used (radium isotope) to determine the velocity of blood.

  17. 1938 • JohnLivingood and Glenn Seaborg discovered iodine-131 and cobalt-60. • Emilio Segre and Glenn Seaborg discovered technetium-99m.

  18. 1951 • Benedict Cassen, Lawrence Curtis, and Raymond Libby used a scintillation detector to "scan" the distribution of radioiodine within the thyroid gland.

  19. 1958 • Hal Anger invented the scintillation camera, an imaging device that made it possible to conductdynamic studies.

  20. 1963 • Henry Wagner first used radio-labeled albumin aggregates for imaging lung in normal persons and patients.

  21. 1971 • The American Medical Association recognized that, nuclear medicine as a medical specialty. • 1983 • Henry Wagner carried out the first successful PET imaging of a neuroreceptor using himself as the experimental subject.

  22. 2008 • The first hybrid PET/MRI system for humans, created by Siemens, was installed.

  23. Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine • Imaging (Planer/SPECT and PET Cameras) • Brain *Bone • Lungs *Thyroid • Kidneys *Liver/Spleen • Cardiovascular *Stomach • Tumors

  24. Therapeutic Nuclear Medicine • Examples • Bone pain. • Thyroid cancer. • Lymphoma treatment.

  25. Radiopharmaceutical • Radioactivity, is an element with unstable nucleus (excess energy)can emits radiation (α, β, γ). • When it is used in medical studies, named: RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL.

  26. Radiation can be:- As a particle: α, β or as a photon: γ • Particles (α, β ) have mass, and can carry high energy in a short length. Therefore, radiopharmaceuticals with βdecay are used in therapy, also γ-ray used in therapy. • Photons (γ) has no mass, and can carry low energy in a long distance. Therefore, radiopharmaceuticals with γdecay are used in imaging.

  27. Penetration radiation and non-penetration radiation (Gamma ray has high penetration)

  28. Finally Radiopharmaceuticals Gives Radiation, which are used for the purpose of diagnosis or therapy, such as Iodine-131 (131I), Xenon-133 (133Xe) and Technetium 99mTc, etc.

  29. Production of Radionuclides

  30. Any materials consists of a large number of atoms or molecules ( each one gram of matter contains 6.022 X 1023 atom). Such as, Iron, Wood, plastic, air and living tissues.

  31. Atomic Structure

  32. Inside atom

  33. The Atom Nucleus

  34. Reactor-produced radionuclide • According the following nuclear reaction, we can obtain the radionuclide (Isotope). A-1 ZX + n A-1ZX1 + γ X represent the nucleus, n is the neutron and X1 is radionuclide (produce γray).

  35. Enrich Information

  36. Enrich Information, cont.

  37. Enrich Information, cont.

  38. Enrich Information, cont.

  39. Enrich Information, cont.

  40. Different Length Scales

  41. Advantages of NM • Assesses body function and in monitoring flow rate of blood. • Early detection of pathology. (Stress fracture and tumors). • Whole body scanning is possible.

  42. Disadvantages of NM • Radiation risks due to administered radionuclide. • Usually requiring an injection into the blood stream. • Disposal of radio activity waste, including that from patients, require special procedure. • Relatively high costs associated with radio tracer production and administration.

  43. Thank You for your Attention

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