1. Ageing in reproduction:a revision tutorial of the basics

3. Ageing in Reproduction

4. The reproductive potential of humans changes with age �

5. So when does reproductive ageing become obvious?

13. Ageing in Reproduction

25. Ageing in Reproduction

26. Age-related changes in women

29. Am J Med Genet 2001� Note low incidence of spontaneous loss , but steadily increases, with huge rise after age of 40! Am J Med Genet 2001� Note low incidence of spontaneous loss , but steadily increases, with huge rise after age of 40!

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34. Why do some follicle die and not others? Model for agieing in other systemsWhy do some follicle die and not others? Model for agieing in other systems

43. Genitourinary changes Lack of oestrogens causes atrophy of the reproductive tract and genital organs. A major problem is atrophy of the vaginal mucosa - this may cause increasing susceptibilty to trauma and infection. An estimated 10-15% of women over the age of 60 have frequent urinary tract infections - at least partly associated with the hormone changes associated with the menopause. In pre-menopausal women, circulating oestrogens encourage colonization of the vagina by lactobacilli, which produce lactic acid from glycogen and maintain a low pH that inhibits growth of many uropathogens. After the menopause, vaginal pH increases and lactobacilli disappear and the vagina is predominantly colonised by Enterobacteriacea (esp E coli).Genitourinary changes Lack of oestrogens causes atrophy of the reproductive tract and genital organs. A major problem is atrophy of the vaginal mucosa - this may cause increasing susceptibilty to trauma and infection. An estimated 10-15% of women over the age of 60 have frequent urinary tract infections - at least partly associated with the hormone changes associated with the menopause. In pre-menopausal women, circulating oestrogens encourage colonization of the vagina by lactobacilli, which produce lactic acid from glycogen and maintain a low pH that inhibits growth of many uropathogens. After the menopause, vaginal pH increases and lactobacilli disappear and the vagina is predominantly colonised by Enterobacteriacea (esp E coli).

44. Genitourinary changes Lack of oestrogens causes atrophy of the reproductive tract and genital organs. A major problem is atrophy of the vaginal mucosa - this may cause increasing susceptibilty to trauma and infection. An estimated 10-15% of women over the age of 60 have frequent urinary tract infections - at least partly associated with the hormone changes associated with the menopause. In pre-menopausal women, circulating oestrogens encourage colonization of the vagina by lactobacilli, which produce lactic acid from glycogen and maintain a low pH that inhibits growth of many uropathogens. After the menopause, vaginal pH increases and lactobacilli disappear and the vagina is predominantly colonised by Enterobacteriacea (esp E coli).Genitourinary changes Lack of oestrogens causes atrophy of the reproductive tract and genital organs. A major problem is atrophy of the vaginal mucosa - this may cause increasing susceptibilty to trauma and infection. An estimated 10-15% of women over the age of 60 have frequent urinary tract infections - at least partly associated with the hormone changes associated with the menopause. In pre-menopausal women, circulating oestrogens encourage colonization of the vagina by lactobacilli, which produce lactic acid from glycogen and maintain a low pH that inhibits growth of many uropathogens. After the menopause, vaginal pH increases and lactobacilli disappear and the vagina is predominantly colonised by Enterobacteriacea (esp E coli).

49. Osteoporosis This is one of the most important potential consquences of the menopause and has long term consquences for general health. In women, peak bone mass occurs at around 30-35 years of age, after which there is a slow, steady decline. The rate of bone loss increases considerably in the few years after the menopause - and by the age of 70 many women have lost 30-50% of their bone mass. In northern Europe, 25% of women have vertebral fractures by the age of 65, and 50% by the age of 76 years. Osteoporosis This is one of the most important potential consquences of the menopause and has long term consquences for general health. In women, peak bone mass occurs at around 30-35 years of age, after which there is a slow, steady decline. The rate of bone loss increases considerably in the few years after the menopause - and by the age of 70 many women have lost 30-50% of their bone mass. In northern Europe, 25% of women have vertebral fractures by the age of 65, and 50% by the age of 76 years.

50. Vertebral fractures - mostly thoracic, from the age of 50 onwards - produce attacks of back pain, loss of height (up to 9") and stoop.Vertebral fractures - mostly thoracic, from the age of 50 onwards - produce attacks of back pain, loss of height (up to 9") and stoop.

51. Vertebral fractures - mostly thoracic, from the age of 50 onwards - produce attacks of back pain, loss of height (up to 9") and stoop.Vertebral fractures - mostly thoracic, from the age of 50 onwards - produce attacks of back pain, loss of height (up to 9") and stoop.

56. Hormone replacement therapy

58. HRT � how safe is it?