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The Civil Rights Movement. “Eyes on the Prize”. This type of humiliation sponsored early events in Civil Rights such as the Greensboro 4. Conditions in the 1950’s. Brown v. Board of Education.
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The Civil Rights Movement “Eyes on the Prize”
This type of humiliation sponsored early events in Civil Rights such as the Greensboro 4. Conditions in the 1950’s
Brown v. Board of Education “To separate Negro children…solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that affects their hearts and minds in a way unlikely to ever be undone… Civil Rights Expands:
“We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of “separate but equal” has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.” Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board II • “Integration should proceed with all deliberate speed”. • Southern response to Brown cases? • Manifesto signed by 101 members of CONGRESS calling it an abuse of jucial power. • South resorted to old tactics of violence and intimidation.
Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat, arrested and charged with a violation of a local segregation ordinance. The Montgomery Bus Boycott
Spurred by Parks action, the local community turned to a charismatic young reverend Dr. Martin Luther King for leadership. King embraced the teachings of “ahimsa” or non-violent resistance, as once employed by Mahandas Gandhi. Montgomery Bus Boycott: 1955
Incredible will of the community. Sheer numbers who utilized the bus service. Leadership of King and Abernathy. Success?
The shocking murder of the nine year old Till sponsored a surge in civil rights activity. Emmett Till’s Murder
Little Rock Nine-first to press the issue in Arkansas. Their integration proceedings had to be monitored by the National Guard. School Integration
How bad did it get? • In Virginia, the governor chooses to close schools rather than integrate. In New Orleans in 1960, white residents riot over four black girls entering a desegregated first-grade classroom.
And in Mississippi, in 1963, James Meredith is barred from registering at the University of Mississippi by Governor Ross Barnett. As segregationists gather on campus, armed with guns and homemade explosives, the governor and President John Kennedy engage in fruitless negotiations. Kennedy has to decide whether he will take the political risk to actively support civil rights, even as tensions mount. When he sends Federal marshals to the campus, the mob erupts in violence, killing two people and wounding many others before the president sends in the U.S. Army to restore order. Meredith will enroll and ultimately graduate from the university. James Meredith
Freedom Riders • May 1961, the Congress of Racial Equality sends mixed-race groups of non-violent volunteers, known as Freedom Riders, on bus trips into Dixie. They meet minor resistance in the upper South, but when they get to Alabama trouble erupts. Segregationists firebomb a bus in Anniston, Alabama, and Klan members attack the passengers as they disembark in Birmingham.
The Riders are assaulted and bloodied when they arrive in Martin Luther King's home town. As the violence rages, Kennedy calls in U.S. marshals, and ultimately Gov. Patterson is forced to dispatch the Alabama National Guard as well. Risk Factors
Bull Connor and Birmingham • Bull Connor is the “greatest friend to Civil Rights” JFK.
After Kennedy went on TV to denounce the violence in Birmingham and criticize Connor and his brutes. Medger Evers a father of three and the leader of the Mississippi chapter of the NAACP was shot in the back on his front porch in front of his family. His death inspired further protest and action. Medgar Evers
The March on Washington • In the wake of violence in Birmingham and against the wishes of the Kennedy’s A. Phillip Randolph organizes a peace march on Washington.
Though the March on Washington is a triumph, it comes with a tragic coda. Less than three weeks later, in Birmingham, the Ku Klux Klan bombs the 16th Street Baptist Church on a Sunday morning. Fifteen people are injured and four young girls are killed, filling many in the movement with rage. It will be 14 years before the first of three men, Robert Chambliss, is brought to justice in 1977; his companions Thomas Blanton, Jr. and Bobby Lee Cherry will not be convicted until 2001 and 2002, respectively Unfortunate results
“People were threatened, folks was put in jail just because we wanted people to try to register to vote." The Civil Rights Act of 1964 had brought about widespread reform and eliminated significant obstacles to African American suffrage. Freedom Summer: 1964
The event drew thousands from across the country. The workers established freedom schools, voter registration drives, and organized the Freedom Democratic Party. 15 volunteers were murdered 1200 new voters…
On March 7, demonstrators start a 54-mile march in response to an activist's murder. They are protesting his death and the unfair state laws and local violence that keep African Americans from voting. Freedom March
SelmaMarch 7, 1965525 marchers are attacked on "Bloody Sunday"Edmund Pettus Bridge MontgomeryMarch 21, 196525,000 protesters complete the marchAlabama State Capitol 3000 marchers turned into 25,000 representing how the movement was growing in strength.
"If you live in a society... and it doesn't enforce its own law because of the color of a man's skin... then... people are justified to resort to any means necessary to bring about justice..." The movement radicalizes
In 1963, Malcolm X becomes the group's national spokesman. His message of black pride, self-sufficiency, and self-defense stands in stark contrast to the Civil Rights Movement's non-violence. It also threatens whites. As Malcolm X becomes nationally known, his words inspire many blacks, but as he gains power, his relationship with the Nation of Islam deteriorates. In February 1965, members of the Nation of Islam assassinate him in Harlem.
