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Geologic Structures

Geologic Structures. Structural Geology – study of deformation of rocks and the forces that cause deformation. Structural Geology is concerned with deformation of the Earth's crust. Where is deformation occurring today? Plate boundaries Active orogenic belts (Impact structures)

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Geologic Structures

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  1. Geologic Structures Structural Geology – study of deformation of rocks and the forces that cause deformation

  2. Structural Geology is concerned with deformation of the Earth's crust Where is deformation occurring today? • Plate boundaries • Active orogenic belts • (Impact structures) Where has deformation occurred in the past? • Identify ancient orogens • Relative ages of rocks vs. deformation Why do we want to understand deformation? • Natural hazards • Economic resources • Basic science

  3. The tectonic plates

  4. Geologic Structures Stress – Compression, Tension, Shear

  5. Stress – Strain relations Strain – Elastic, Plastic, Brittle Elastic range

  6. Geologic Maps Geologic Maps – strike & dip (angle, direction), geologic cross-sections http://www.visualentities.com/applets/blockdiagram.htm

  7. Geologic Maps Folds – antiforms, synforms, limbs, hinge line (axis), axial plane, domes, basins,

  8. Folds Domes

  9. Truncated Dome

  10. Folds Plunging folds, domes, basins

  11. Types of folds Open, isoclinal, overturned, recumbent

  12. Joints, cracks, fractures Tensional, compressional, sets

  13. Joints, cracks, fractures Several sets

  14. “Anticracks” – pressure solution Stylolites

  15. Faults Fault plane, hanging wall, footwall Faults – dip-slip, strike-slip, oblique-slip

  16. Fault planes Dip-slip – normal, reverse

  17. Dip-slip – normal (horst & graben)

  18. Dip-slip – normal fault zone, Iran Pliocene-Pleistocene, Zanjan-Tabriz highway

  19. Dip-slip – reverse (thrust)

  20. Strike-slip & Oblique-slip

  21. התקצרות – חיובית התארכות - שלילית כיווני מאמץ והעתקים

  22. Strike-slip faulting features

  23. התקצרות – חיובית התארכות - שלילית כיווני מאמץ ראשיים והעתקים

  24. Geologic Structures Mining

  25. Geologic Structures Oil Reservoirs

  26. Oil Reservoirs

  27. Oil Reservoirs

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