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Respiratory System

Respiratory System. Which lung is bigger? Why is it bigger? Why does breathing in cold air hurt? Can you get sick from breathing in cold air?. Function. Gas exchange for the body Supply O 2 Remove CO 2. Structure. Two major divisions: Upper Respiratory Tract Lower Respiratory Tract.

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Respiratory System

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  1. Respiratory System

  2. Which lung is bigger? Why is it bigger? • Why does breathing in cold air hurt? • Can you get sick from breathing in cold air?

  3. Function • Gas exchange for the body • Supply O2 • Remove CO2

  4. Structure • Two major divisions: • Upper Respiratory Tract • Lower Respiratory Tract

  5. Upper Respiratory Tract • Think holes and tubes • Nasal/oral cavities • Pharynx • Larynx • Trachea

  6. Upper Respiratory Tract Air is • Filtered • Moistened • Warmed

  7. Lower Respiratory Tract • Think upside down tree • Bronchi • Bronchiole • Alveoli

  8. Bronchus vs. Bronchiole • Bronchus – lots of cartilage – won’t collapse • Bronchiole – more muscle – so can dilate and constrict

  9. Alveoli • 300 million alveoli in each lung • Wall is single cell layer thick

  10. Where does Respiration Occur? • Respiration: Gas exchange across a membrane • Ventilation: Conducting air in/out

  11. Which lung is bigger? Why is it bigger? • Why does breathing in cold air hurt? • Can you get sick from breathing in cold air?

  12. As Nate would say, “I don’t want to breathe anymore…” • Ciliated epithelial cells in trachea (250 cilia/cell) • Goblet cells located between these cells produce ½ cup of mucus/day

  13. Coughing and Sneezing • the cilia beat about 1,000­ 1,500/minute, moving mucus up about 10-20 mm/min (1 mile/week) • You cough when nerve endings in the larynx, trachea, or larger bronchi are irritated. • You sneeze when nerve endings at the back of the nasal cavity are irritated.

  14. HOW do we breathe? • What keeps your lungs from collapsing? • How MUCH do we breathe? • How do we TRANSPORT what we breathe? • What makes us take the next breath?

  15. HOW do we breathe? What is the relationship between pressure and volume?

  16. HOW do we breathe? Inhaling: • Diaphram and intercostal muscles contract – thoracic cavity expands • Lungs expand (adhered to walls) • Since intrapulmonary volume has increased, pressure ____________. • Air is sucked in http://www.smm.org/heart/lungs/breathing.htm

  17. How do we breathe? Exhaling • Diaphram and intercostals relax • Thoracic/intrapulmonary volume decreases • Intrapulmonary pressure is now ______ • Gases flow out

  18. Intrapleural pressure is always negative If it equalizes with atmospheric pressure (as in a chest wound), lungs immediately collapse Air in intrapleural space = pneumothorax So what keeps your lungs from collapsing?

  19. How MUCH do we breathe? • Tidal volume – normal exhaled breath • Vital Capacity – largest exhaled breath • Residual Volume - left over amt after VC • Total Lung Capacity – RV + VC

  20. How MUCH do we breathe?

  21. How MUCH do we breathe? • Tidal volume – 500 ml • Vital Capacity – 4800 ml • Residual Volume - 1200 ml • Total Lung Capacity – 6000 ml

  22. OXYGEN: Transported by hemoglobin (Hb) as oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) Each O2 attaches to one Heme Each RBC has 250 million hemoglobins How do we TRANSPORT what we breathe?

  23. Carbon Dioxide: two methods On the globin of Hb As bicarbonate: CO2 + H20 H2CO3 H+ + HCO3- This occurs inside the RBC – but then the HCO3- goes back into the blood plasma. WHY? How do we TRANSPORT what we breathe?

  24. Carbonic anhydrase • Oxyhemoglobin - HbO2 • Carbaminohemoglobin - HbCO2 • Bicarbonate - HCO3-

  25. What makes us take the next breath? • Too dangerous to wait for O2 levels to drop • The major stimulus for inspiration is a slight increase in blood acidity: H+ + HCO3- normoventilation respiratory control center in brain

  26. What happens when you hypoventilate? • What happens when you hyperventilate?

  27. What Is Asthma? • Spasmodic contraction of bronchi • Bronchial swelling • Increased production of mucus

  28. What is bronchitis? • bronchi are inflamed and swollen • mucus is hypersecreted • Why?

  29. What is emphysema? • Airways are permanently damaged • Alveoli are permanently damaged • Reduced ability to exchange gases

  30. Diphtheria

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