Diagnosis and Clinical Manifestations of Parvovirus Infections in Animals

1. Submitted to: DepSubmitted to: Dept. of Animal Biotechnology t. of Animal Biotechnology

2. INTRODUCTION • Small,non-enveloped,single-stranded DNA viruses • Icosahedral symmetry • Replicate in the nucleus, form intranuclear inclusion bodies • Require rapidly-dividing cells for replication • Stable in the environment • Resistant to heat, solvents, disinfectants • pH changes

3. Genus Parvovirus: • Many have haemagglutinating activity • Shed in large numbers in faeces • Enteric and systemic diseases in dogs and cats • Reproductive failure, SMEDI syndrome in pigs

7. Feline panleukopenia • Feline panleukopenia, also known as feline infectious enteritis orfeline distemper, is a highly contagious generalized disease of domestic and wild cats caused by feline panleukopenia virus.

8. Diagnosis • Neutropenia is more common than lymphopenia. • Specimens for virus isolation in primary feline cell lines include oropharyngeal swabs, faeces, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and ileum. • Intranuclear inclusion bodies may be detected in crypt cells. • A rising antibody titre may be detected in serum samples by a number of tests including the haemagglutination-inhibition (HAI)or virus neutralization (VN) tests.

9. Canine parvovirus infection • Infection with canine parvovirus (CPV) emerged in the late 1970s as a worldwide disease in dogs with high morbidity and mortality. • Acute or subacute heart failure in pups infected in utero or during the perinatal period, was a common manifestation of the disease.

10. Cont... • With the gradual development of immunity in the adult dog population, as a consequence of both natural exposure and vaccination, the clinical pattern of the disease changed. • There is twoforms: • (a) Parvo virus enteritis • polydipsia • frothy yellow coloured vomitus • retching and restlessness • Foetid haemorrhagic diarrhoea

13. Cont... • (b) Parvo virus myocarditis • Pups under 10 weeks of age usually suffer from this form. • Heart muscles are damaged and the affected animals show the signs of circulatory failure. • Most animals die due to cardiogenic shock. • Deaths observed in susceptible dogs between 4 and 8 weeks of age. • The most common clinical presentation now encountered is acute enteric disease in young dogs betweenweaningand6 months of age.

16. Diagnosis • Sample for laboratory examination should include faeces, blood and other tissues, particularly affected portions of intestines and myocardium. • Basophilic intranuclear inclusions in cardiac myocytes is confirmatory. • Animal inoculation test • Serum neutralization test • Haemagglutination test

17. Cont... • Haemagglutination inhibition test (HI) • Fluorescence antibody technique • ELISA • Haematology • Abdominal radiograph

18. Porcine parvovirus infection • Porcine parvovirus is an important cause of reproductive failure in pigs. • Clinical signs • Porcine parvovirus infection is a major cause of SMEDI,an acronym used to describe porcine reproductive failure in which stillbirth, mummified foetuses, early embryonic death and infertility occur.

19. foetuses death

20. Swollan vulva

21. Diagnosis • Demonstration of viral antigen in cryostat sections of foetal tissues, particularly in the lungs, by immnofluorescence is reliable and sensitive. • Serological technique include HAI and VN tests.