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2014

Výukový materiál MB 04 - 101 Tvůrce: Mgr. Šárka Vopěnková Tvůrce anglické verze: ThMgr. Ing. Jiří Foller Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/03.0005 Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR. 2014. NON-CELLULAR ORGANISMS.

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2014

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  1. Výukový materiál MB 04 - 101 Tvůrce: Mgr. Šárka Vopěnková Tvůrce anglické verze: ThMgr. Ing. Jiří Foller Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/03.0005 Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR 2014 NON-CELLULAR ORGANISMS

  2. simple structure and different way of life > different from general features of organisms • it occurs on the border between biotic and abiotic nature • microbiologists firstly observed them only in 1940´s • electron microscope NON-CELLULAR ORGANISMS

  3. viruses are not capable of: • independent growth and division • they have not got own proteosynthetic apparatus (ribosomes, tRNA) • they have not gotmetabolic apparatus • they have not got excitability VIRUSES

  4. intracellular parasites: • they can reproduce only in the host cell • host cell: • bacteria, algae, animals, fungi, plants • the size of viruses: 20 – 300 nm • > a thousand times smaller than bacteria • > smaller than ribosomes in the eukaryotic cell NON-CELLULAR ORGANISMS

  5. viruses made up from: • nucleic acid closed in a protein coat • viruses have got either: • DNA or RNA > never both of them simultaneously!!! THE STRUCTURE OF VIRUSES

  6. virus-like particle = virion consists of: • 1) nucleic acid (genetic program of the virus) • 2) capsides (from capsomeres, protein molecules) • viral nucleic acid DNA or RNA is: • single helix / double helix • linear / circular • inside the capsides there are enzymes ( => for the reproduction inside the host cell) • in some cases outer membrane covering from glycolipids around the capsid VIRION

  7. two alternative cell infection cycles: • 1) lytic cycle : • it ends with a lysis (falling apart) of a cell and release of reproduced viruses • 2) lysogenic cycle: • viral genome becomes a part of chromosome of the host cell THE REPRODUCTION OF VIRUSES

  8. virogenic cycle • placement of the viral genome into the chromosome of the cell • viral DNA , which became a part of DNA of host cell is called provirus • there occurs hidden or latent infection • e.g. virus of herpes > from the latent state the virus is woken up by the fever, with the influence of UV, hormones, stress LYSOGENIC CYCLE

  9. provirus able to cause tumourous change of the cell • provirus can stay in cells for many generations • tumourous change of the cell > influence of carcinogenic substances ONCOVIRUSES

  10. a group of viruses • RNA viruses able for virogenic • reproduction starts with so called reversible transcription • reverse direction of genetic information stream > • special enzyme reverse transcriptaseoverwrites genetic information from RNA into DNA RETROVIRUSES

  11. among retroviruses belongs also the virus HIV • it causes disease AIDS = > • acquired immunodeficiency syndrome • virus HIV attacks T–lymphocytes • (T – lymphocytes produce antibodies) • > it comes to a collapse of immunity system RETROVIRUSES

  12. RETROVIRUSES • transfer of HIV: • by sexual intercourse (HIV included in the sperm and vaginal secretion) • blood way (infected injection needles> abuse of drugs, tattoo, piercing of skin) • from the pregnant woman into the foetus

  13. viruses attacking bacteria • specific form • 1) head (in the shape of polyhedron) > DNA placed here • 2) contractive flagellum with flagellar fibres BACTERIOPHAGES

  14. small RNA molecules without capsides • more Simple and smaller than viruses • they cause viral diseases of plants • they disrupt metabolism of plants • they stop the growth of plants • e.g. destroying of more than a million coconut palms on Philippines VIROIDS

  15. STRUCTURE OF VIRUSES

  16. DESCRIBE BOTH THE PICTURES

  17. JELÍNEK, Jan a Vladimír ZICHÁČEK. Biologie pro gymnázia: teoretická a praktická část. 2. dopl. a rozš. vyd. Olomouc: Nakladatelství Olomouc, 1998. ISBN 80-718-2050-4 • KUBIŠTA, Václav. Obecná biologie. Praha: Fortuna, 2000, ISBN 80-7168-714-6. • CHALUPOVÁ - KARLOVÁ, Vlastimila. Obecná biologie. Olomouc: Nakladatelství Olomouc, 2010, ISBN 978-80-7182-282-0. • ZÁVODSKÁ, Radka. Biologie buněk. Praha: Scientia, 2006, ISBN 80-86960-15-3. • ROSYPAL, Stanislav. Nový přehled biologie. 1. vyd. Praha: Scientia, 2003, 797 s. ISBN 80-718-3268-5 SOURCES

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