1 / 13

Microprocessors

Explore the evolution of CPUs from Intel to AMD, learn about CPU components, memory management, parallel execution, and the latest technologies like integrated memory controllers and security features.

gplace
Télécharger la présentation

Microprocessors

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Microprocessors Chapter 4

  2. Historical/Conceptual • Intel • AMD • ?

  3. CPU Core Components • The Man in the Box • External Data Bus • Registers • AX, BX, CX, DX • Code book • Clock • System crystal • Back to the External Data Bus

  4. Memory • Memory and RAM • Address Bus • Memory controller chip (MCC)

  5. Modern CPUs • Developers • Intel • AMD • Model names • Code Names • Desktop versus Mobile • Technology • Clock multipliers • 64-bit processing • Virtualization support • Parallel execution • Pipelining • Multithreading • Multicore processing • Integrated memory controller • Integrated graphics processing unit • Security

  6. CPU Technology • Clock multipliers • Added circuitry that allows the CPU to run faster than the external data bus • Useful if the running process is CPU-bound • Requires having cache on the CPU to be effective • 64-bit processing • Allows for 64-bit data values to be operated on in a single step • x86 – CPUs based on original CPU instruction sets • x64 – CPUs based on new 64-bit instruction sets • x86-64 – CPUs with instruction sets including both 32-bit and 64-bit instructions • Virtualization support • Added instructions for memory management and privileged instruction support

  7. CPU Technology • Parallel execution • Multiple execution units • CPU will have an integer unit and a floating point unit that can execute at the same time • CPU may have multiple copies of the same types of units • CPU may have multiple pipelines • Pipelining • Execution of an instruction is broken down into distinct stages with separate circuitry to handle each phase • Fetch – Decode – Execute - Store • Pipeline stalls, wait states • Branch prediction

  8. CPU Technology • Cache • Small fast set of SRAM used to hold instructions and data that are likely to be used soon • L1, L2, and L3 levels are common • Cache hits, cache misses • Multithreading • Run 2 threads of a program at the same time • Does not double performance • OS and application must support multithreading • Multicore processing • 2, 4, 6, or 8 execution units on the same chip • They share the caches and RAM • Does not require OS to be aware of multicores ?

  9. CPU Technology • Integrated memory controller • IMC is moved from the motherboard to the CPU to better handle memory accesses • Integrated graphics processing unit • Cheaper than having a separate GPU in the system • Generally less capable than a dedicated GPU • Share system RAM with CPU • AMD’s version is better • Security • NX bit technology blocks access to sections of memory • Intel: XD bit • AMD: Enhanced Virus Protection • ARM: XN • CompTIA: Disable execute bit

  10. Current Intel CPUs • Click here

  11. Selecting and Installing CPUs • Selecting a CPU • Must work with motherboard, socket • Installation Issues • Bent pins • Zero insertion force sockets • Cooling • Heat sinks • Fans • Overclocking

  12. Troubleshooting CPUs • Symptoms of Overheating • Catastrophic Failure

  13. Intel Core M

More Related