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Understanding Metabolism: Enzymatic Functions and Pathways in Biological Systems

Metabolism involves complex biochemical processes where proteins, composed of long chains of amino acids, play crucial roles. Enzymes, which are globular proteins, function specifically on individual substrates and can be categorized into hydrolytic enzymes that break down molecules and polymerase enzymes that synthesize new polymers. Metabolic pathways, including anabolic and catabolic processes, involve feedback mechanisms, with ATP acting as a vital energy currency. This overview highlights the principles of oxidation-reduction in respiration, the role of enzymes, and metabolic cycles in living organisms.

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Understanding Metabolism: Enzymatic Functions and Pathways in Biological Systems

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  1. Metabolism preconcepts

  2. Proteins are long chains of amino acids

  3. Some amino acids are polar, some non-polar

  4. Enzymes are globular

  5. Enzymes work on only 1 substrate Each enzyme does only 1 job

  6. Hydrolytic enzymes break down molecules

  7. Hydrolytic enzymes carry out hydrolysis

  8. Polymerase enzymes build up polymers molecules from monomers

  9. Polymerase enzymes carry out Condensation synthesis

  10. Comparing oxidation and reduction

  11. Examples of oxidation/reduction in respiration • Fe3+ + electron Fe2+ • succinate + FAD fumarate + FADH2 • malate + NAD+ oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ • Pyruvate + NADH + H+ lactate + NAD

  12. Role of ATP

  13. A metabolic chain starts with one substrate and ends with a different final product

  14. A metabolic cycle starts and ends with the same substrate, something is added, something is taken away Citric acid

  15. Enzymes are controlled by negative feedback

  16. Metabolic chain Feedback control

  17. Anabolic Build up Add monomers together to make polymers Use polymerase enzymes Examples: Photosynthesis, Transcription, DNA replication Catabolic Break down more polymers to monomers Use hydrolytic enzymes Examples Cell respiration Digestion Metabolic pathways can be either/or

  18. Fluid mosaic model

  19. Membrane bound organelles

  20. A Proton pump protein pumps protons Proton Pump An Electron Carrier protein carries electrons

  21. ATP synthase makes ATP from ADP and P.

  22. ATP Synthase

  23. Electrons moving by diffusion power ATP synthase

  24. A B C

  25. ATP releases energy when used

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