Classification

1. Classification Packet 10

2. Who Am I? • I am a type of bacteria cell that cause most dental infections. I can survive in a wound that does not contain oxygen. (2 words) • Although I can catch flies in my trap, I still must make my own food using the sun’s energy to survive • I cannot make my own food internally and must eat to obtain energy for life. • I must have oxygen to survive. • I am cell that contains a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

3. Terms from the table (you should know each of these): Prokaryotic • = no nucleus or membrane bound organelles; simple cells • = nucleus & membrane bound organelles (cells are more complex). • = organism made up of 1 cell • = organisms made up of many cells • = make usable energy/food internally (i.e. photosynthesis) • = needs to eat to gain energy Eukaryotic Unicellular Multicellular Autotroph Heterotroph

5. Once we had all of these different types of organisms, scientists wanted to organize or classify them. The classification system is constantly changing since new organisms are found and we have new techniques to look at the differences between the organisms. In the past, similarities in appearance were primarily used to group organisms. Now with new technology, scientists are using molecular evidence (DNA, RNA and proteins which are called _______________________ to group organisms. biological molecules • Today, we classify all living organisms based upon a system that was developed over 200 years ago by a by a Swedish botanist named _____________ • Linnaeus wanted to create a system that organized all living things into several broad categories that he called _________________________. At the time, scientists thought that every living thing fit into one of two kingdoms: _____________ and ______________ Linnaeus. Kingdoms Plants Animals Taxonomy ___________________________ – the study of placing organisms in to classification groups (or taxa) based upon characteristics that they possess.

6. Scientific technology is continually improving which allows us to see more detailed differences between organisms. Over time, Linnaeus’s classification system expanded to include more Kingdoms based on these newly found differences. Fungi Bacteria Protista Eubacteria Archaebacteria

7. Linnaeus’s original classification system was made up of 7 levels called taxa (pleural form); HUMANS KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES

8. Each category continued to be divided into smaller and smaller groups until the only one type of organism, called a _________________________________ was identified. Kingdom  Phylum  Class Order Family Genus species To be the same species the organisms had to: • ________________________________ • ___________________________________________________ Similar organisms that may be the same genus but not the same species can sometimes reproduce under artificial conditions. Two examples of interbreeding between two different species are: ____________+ _____________=> MULE ………Mule x Mule = no offspring Lion + Tiger => _______________ => ­­­__________x__________= no offspring Species Be able to reproduce Produce offspring that can have offspring Horse Donkey Liger Liger Liger In the above examples, the parents are different species which results in their offspring being sterile (meaning that when the offspring reach adulthood, they are unable to have their own offspring).

9. Current Classification System _____________________- a new level (which is larger than a kingdom) has been added to the current classification system. Based on new research, all living things in the six kingdoms were placed into one of the 3 Domains: Domain Bacteria - includes all of kingdom _______________________ (also known as the ‘true bacteria’) Domain Archaea - includes all of the kingdom __________________ (also known as the ‘ancient bacteria’) Domain Eukarya - includes the kingdoms _______________________, _______________________, __________________ & _________________________ (all of which are eukaryotes Domain Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

10. Fill in the correct taxa for the new (current) structure of the classification system: OMAIN INGDOM HYLUM LASS RDER AMILY ENUS PECIES

11. Linnaeus also created a system of naming all living things called ____________________ _____________________. According to this system, each organism should be given a two-word name, called a________________________________. The same name is used for a species regardless of the language that a person speaks or the region they live in. Most names are in______________________. Rules for writing Scientific names: Ex: The scientific name for _________________is Homo sapiens The first word of each name is the organism’s ________________(i.e. Homo). The first letter of this name should always be capitalized. The second word of each organism’s name is the ______________ _indentifier (i.esapiens). This name should always be in all lower case and written in italic letters binomial nomenclature SCIENTIFIC NAME LATIN HUMANS GENUS SPECIES

12. Ways to Show Evolutionary Relationships: Phylogeny • – Classifying organisms based upon their evolutionary relationships. • Cladogram or Phylogenetic tree a diagram that looks a bit like a family tree, showing who the evolutionary relationships between organisms. • Each of these creatures has an evolutionary relationship to one another. • They all share a common origin, and their current forms are all derived from branching events somewhere in the phylogenetic past.

13. Cladogram or Phylogenetic tree

14. Use the cladogram to answer the following questions: HAGFISH • Which animal is the most primitive? • What features are shared by the salamander & mouse? • Does the hagfish possess a jaw? • Why is the derived characteristic ‘feathers’ not written on the main axis like all of the other characteristics? JAWS & LUNGS NO BECAUSE ONLY BIRDS HAVE FEATHERS

16. A Cladogram can be constructed for any group of organisms. • Use the chart below to construct a cladogram. (+ = present; - = not present)

17. Classification Keys • A classification key, also knows as a Dichotomous key, is useful in identifying unknown organisms (but is not limited to being used with living things). • Use the dichotomous key to identify the organisms by their scientific names. Pinus ponderosa Monodon monoceros Passer domesticus Ophiophagus hannah

19. Over time Life has changed from simple single-celled prokaryotes to larger, multicellular eukaryotes.

20. MOVEMENT CILIA HELP TO SWEEP FOOD INTO THE ORAL GROOVE WHERE FOOD ENTERS PREVENTS CELLS FROM POPPING DUE TO OSMOSIS PUMPS WATER OUT CAN SURROUND FOOD ITEM AND BRING IT INTO THE CELL “FAKE FOOT” – BRINGS IN FOOD WHERE FOOD IS BROKEN DOWN BY ENZYMES STORES FOOD SENSES & ABSORBS LIGHT USES ENERGY FROM THE LIGHT TO POWER THE FLAGELLA MOVEMENT

21. Kingdom Plantae • While plants are very diverse, there are several characteristics that they all share: • They are all _________________ (made up of many cells) • They are all ______________ their cells contain a nucleus & membrane bound organelles • Their cells are surrounded by a ___________ made of ______________, a large carbohydrate. • Are _________________ that undergo photosynthesis (they make their own food); • Their green color comes from a pigment called __________________. MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTIC CELL WALL CELLULOSE AUTOTROPHS CHLOROPHYLL General Overview Plant Life Plants Grow

22. Most primitive plants most complex plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms Mosses Ferns Flowers & seeds enclosed in a fruit Seeds Vascular Tissue 4 Types of Plants Cuticle (waterproofing) Mosses Algae (an aquatic protist) Ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms

23. Gymnosperms Angiosperms Mosses Ferns Flowers & seeds enclosed in a fruit Seeds Vascular Tissue Cuticle (waterproofing) Algae (an aquatic protist) • Plants are thought to have evolved from __________________ (an aquatic plant-like protist) • To survive on land, plants needed a waterproof layer called a ____________________. GREEN ALGAE CUTICLE

24. NONVASCULAR VERSUS VASCULAR PLANTS NON-VASCULAR • Mosses are called _____________________ plants since they do not have veins. • These plants must grow low to the ground. They get their nutrients and water by diffusion and osmosis. • Vascular plantshave veins (like the blood vessels in your body) that allow for movement of material throughout the plant. Two kinds of vascular tissue allow for this movement: • ________________ - transports _____________ up from the roots to the leaves. • ______________- transports ____________________ down to store & up to use. XYLEM WATER FOOD/NUTRIENTS PHLOEM

25. A piece of celery has been placed into water with food coloring in it – describe what you see: There are strings in the celery (vascular tissue – xylem/phloem) that transport the colored water up. You can see the spots of dye within these strings. Because of their veins, vascular plants are able to have true organs such as: Roots Stems Leaves

26. Plants maintain water ______________ by opening and closing holes called _____________ on their leaves. In dry conditions or during the heat of the day plants can close these holes to prevent water loss. If a plant has an excess of water, then the holes remain open and water can exit the leaves through the holes. BALANCE STOMA

27. Why do plants need carbon dioxide? CARBON DIOXIDE • Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen through holes on their leaves. _______________________ is taken in. Water has traveled from the ____________ into the leaves and light shines down on the leaves. The carbon dioxide, water and light are all the necessary ingredients for ______________________. Glucose and ___________________are products of this reaction. The oxygen exits through the holes of the leaves. Some of the glucose is converted into useable energy for the plants’ life functions. The rest of the glucose is used to build structures inside of the plant. ROOTS PHOTOSYNTHESIS OXYGEN Photosynthesis

28. Equation for photosynthesis: CO2 + H2O + light C6H12O6 + O2 Adaptation - In a tropical rain forest very little light penetrates through the canopy of the trees down to the forest floor. An adaptation of some of the plants living here are very large leaves. Explain how large leaves is an adaptation for these plants. (glucose) (carbon dioxide) (water) (oxygen) LARGE LEAVES HAVE MORE SURFACE AREA TO CATCH MORE SUNLIGHT SO THE PLANT CAN UNDERGO PHOTOSYNTHESIS. Modified Leaves Photosynthesis

29. REVIEW OF 4 MAIN TYPES OF PLANTS X X X X X X

30. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants(Angiosperms): STAMEN – MALE PART ANTHER – MAKES POLLEN STIGMA – STICKY TO CATCH POLLEN FILAMENT PISTIL – FEMALE PART PETALS – ATTRACT POLLINATORS STYLE OVARY – FORMS A FRUIT SEPAL OVULES – FORMS SEEDS STEM

31. SEED EMBRYO SEED COAT After Pollination occurs, a fertilized egg forms into an embryo inside of a ________ with 3 basic parts: • __________ - another term for the baby (plant) • _____________ - surrounds & protects the baby plant • _______________ - the food that the embryo will consume to survive until it is able to grow leaves and use photosynthesis to make food. ENDOSPERM Seed Germination Plant Reproduction

32. Seed Dispersal = moving seeds away from the parent plant to increase chances of survival. • Angiosperms have improved seed dispersal by developing different ways to spread their seeds further away from the parent plant. • The OVARY ripens and forms into a ________ around the seed. Angiosperms have evolved to produce fruits of many shapes and sizes, each with the purpose to help disperse or spread the seeds • _______ = the part of the plant that contains seeds. Characteristics of seeds dispersed by: • Wind & water -_______________________________________________________ • Animals - ____________________________________________________________ Once seeds are dispersed, they often enter a state of dormancy, an _____________ which increases a plants chance of survival: • Factors that trigger a seed to end dormancy are: ________ and _______________. FRUIT FRUIT WIND = LIGHT; WATER = BUOYANT/FLOAT FRUIT EATEN & POOPED OUT, HOOKS/BURRS, TOUCH SENSITIVE ADAPTATION WATER TEMPERATURE Function of Flower Seed Dispersal

33. Response to their environment: Plants grow, reproduce, and shift the position of their roots, stems and leaves in response to environmental conditions such as _____________________ • A tropism is a plant’s response to an external stimulus. • Types of tropisms • ____________________– growth of plant towards the light • ____________________- direction of plant growth in response to gravity. LIGHT, GRAVITY, TOUCH PHOTOTROPISM GRAVITROPISM Plant Adaptations Plant & Animal Adaptations Specialized Leaves Adaptations of Plants Nature Adaptation Series Plants-in-Motion (tropism)

34. Kingdom Animalia • From the fossil record, we can determine that the first animals appeared on earth approximately 1.2 billion years ago. These first animals were very simple organism, similar to the sponges still found in our oceans today. Animal Adaptations

35. MULTICELLULAR No matter how simple or complex, all animals have certain characteristics in common: • They are all __________________ which means they are made up of more than one cell. • They are all _____________ which means their cells have a __________ (protects their DNA - genetic information) and has membrane bound structures with specialized jobs called ______________. • They are all _________________ because they must consume other organic materials to get energy (their cells cannot make their own food). EUKARYOTIC NUCLEUS ORGANELLES HETEROTROPHIC

36. All animals show similarities in body design and patterns of development. Looking at these patterns suggests an evolutionary relationship among all animals. The pictures shown represent 9 different phyla of animals, each one contains animals with similar characteristics. Bilateral symmetry: when there is only one way to divide something into mirror image halves Radial symmetry: parts arranged around a central point

37. Bilateral symmetry: when there is only one way to divide something into mirror image halves • Based upon this cladogram, what is the common ancestor of all animals? ________________ • Which group of animals is the most primitive (primitive = simplest)? _____________________ Radial symmetry: parts arranged around a central point A PROTIST SPONGE

38. Bilateral symmetry: when there is only one way to divide something into mirror image halves • Which group is the most complex? ___________________________________________ • Which group of animals is more closely related to the Molluscs: Echinoderms or Roundworms(circle one) Radial symmetry: parts arranged around a central point THE CHORDATES

39. Like most organisms on the planet, through mutation and natural selection, animals changed over time as they adapted to new and changing environments. Eventually early animals ventured onto land. This presented several struggles: lack of support, water loss and new methods of reproduction • Vertebrate or Invertebrate: One feature used to describe animals is whether they have a backbone or not. • Majority of animals are ________________________, which mean that they do not have a backbone. • Animals like us are _________________ which means that they have a backbone. INVERTEBRATES VERTEBRATES Jellyfish Insects

40. The vertebrates can be divided up into 5 classes (or groups) each having a unique set of characteristics: HAS FEATHERS HAS FUR AMNIOTIC EGGS LUNGS BACKBONE

41. Smooth moist skin Skin, hair, fur Dry scaly skin Feathers scales Internal fertilization Internal fertilization Internal fertilization External fertilization External fertilization Aquatic Eggs Complete Metamorphosis Lay Leathery eggs on land Aquatic Eggs Ext. Develop. Lay hard shelled eggs on land Give birth to live young 3-chamber heart 2-chamber heart 3-chamber heart (most) 4-chamber heart 4-chamber heart Birds

42. SEXUALLY Reproduction • Most animals reproduce _____________ which creates genetic variation among offspring. • ________________________ - fertilization/development of the egg occurs inside the body • _______________________ - fertilization/development of the egg occurs outside the body INTERNAL EXTERNAL

43. Animals that rely upon external fertilization and/or development typically lay 100’s to 1000’s of eggs. Why? Most mammals have internal development – baby develops inside mom surrounded by a ______________________ which controls nutrient and gas exchange between mom and baby. BECAUSE MANY WILL DIE PLACENTA

44. MOLT Growth & Development • Some animals like arthropods (crabs, spiders, insects) must _______ or shed their exoskeleton in order to grow. During this time they are vulnerable since they need to wait for their new skeleton to harden. • Animals use chemicals called _____________ to help cause changes needed for growth & development. HORMONES

45. METAMORPHOSIS Some organisms, including grasshoppers & frogs, undergo ______________________ or a major change to become an adult. There are two types: INCOMPLETE COMPLETE

46. THEY WON’T COMPETE WITH EACH OTHER. Why might it be an advantage for the juvenile (tadpole) and adult frog to live in different environments?

47. Respiration OXYGEN CARBON DIOXIDE LUNGS • Animals take in ____________ and release _______________________. • Amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals all have ___________. • There are many blood vessels within the lungs so the oxygen can go right into the bloodstream for delivery throughout the body. • Some organisms such as frogs and worms can also breathe absorb oxygen through their ________. The skin of these organisms must stay __________. • What do tadpoles use for gas exchange? ________ SKIN MOIST GILLS

48. Nutrition HETEROTROPHIC Animals are _______________________, which means they must eat. The typical digestive system of animals includes a mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. • The ________________________ breaks down the food. • The _________________________ main job is to absorb the nutrients from the food. There are many blood vessels attached to the small intestine so the nutrients enter directly into the blood stream and are transported throughout the body. • The ________________________ absorbs excess water and creates solid waste. This system is modified depending on an animal’s diet. MOUTH/STOMACH SMALL INTESTINES LARGE INTESTINES Stomach

49. The intestine is the longest part of the digestive system. It is not a smooth tube, but instead the inside surface is covered with many folds (villi). How does the surface of the small intestine help with its function? ____________________________________________________________________________________________ THE VILLI INCREASE SURFACE AREA TO ABSORB MORE NUTRIENTS.

50. Transport CIRCULATORY • Most animals have a ________________ system to transport food, gasses and wastes throughout the body. • The circulatory system of many animals includes a _________ to pump the blood through the arteries, veins and capillaries. HEART • In larger organisms this network of blood vessels is necessary to ensure blood carrying nutrients and oxygen makes it to all parts of the body. • As animals evolved and became more complex, they developed more efficient systems for transporting material through their bodies.