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Water Resources

Water Resources. Key Concepts. The physical properties of water. Availability of fresh water. Methods of increasing freshwater supplies. Using water more efficiently. Problems associated with flooding. Water’s Unique Properties. Hydrogen bonding. Liquid over wide temperature range.

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Water Resources

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  1. Water Resources

  2. Key Concepts • The physical properties of water • Availability of fresh water • Methods of increasing freshwater supplies • Using water more efficiently • Problems associated with flooding

  3. Water’s Unique Properties • Hydrogen bonding • Liquid over wide temperature range • Changes temperature slowly • High heat of evaporation • Great dissolving power • Filters out ultraviolet radiation • Adhesion and cohesion • Expands when it freezes

  4. Hydrogen Bonding in Ice

  5. Hydrogen Bonding in Water

  6. Supply of Water Resources All water Fresh water Readily accessible fresh water Groundwater 0.592% Biota 0.0001% Rivers 0.0001% Lakes 0.007% Lakes 0.007% 0.014% Fresh water 2.6% Oceans and saline lakes 97.4% Ice caps and glaciers 1.984% Soil moisture 0.005% Oceans and saline lakes 97.4% Ice caps and glaciers 1.984% Atmospheric water vapor 0.001% Soil moisture 0.005%

  7. Supply of Freshwater Resources Freshwater Readily accessible freshwater Groundwater 0.592% Biota 0.0001% Lakes 0.0007% Rivers 0.0001% 0.014% Ice caps and glaciers 1.984% Soil moisture 0.0005% Atmospheric water vapor 0.0001%

  8. Surface Water • Surface runoff • Watersheds • Reliable runoff

  9. Ground Water Flowing artesian well Precipitation Evaporation and transpiration Well requiring a pump Evaporation Confined Recharge Area Runoff Aquifer Stream Infiltration Water table Lake Infiltration Unconfined aquifer Confined aquifer Less permeable material such as clay Confirming permeable rock layer

  10. Water Budget

  11. Use of Water Resources United States Agriculture 38% Power cooling 38% Industry 11% Public 10% • Humans use about 54% of reliable runoff • Agriculture • Industry • Domestic • Power plants

  12. 400,000 liters (106,000 gallons) 1 automobile 1 kilogram cotton 10,500 liters (2,400 gallons) 1 kilogram aluminum 9,000 liters (2,800 gallons) 1 kilogram grain-fed beef 7,000 liters (1,900 gallons) 1 kilogram rice 5,000 liters (1,300 gallons) 1 kilogram corn 1,500 liters (400 gallons) 1 kilogram paper 880 liters (230 gallons) 220 liters (60 gallons) 1 kilogram steel

  13. Too Little Water Acute shortage Adequate supply Shortage Metropolitan regions with population greater than 1 million • Dry climate • Drought • Desiccation • Water stress

  14. Average annual precipitation (centimeters) Less than 41 81-22 More than 122 41-81

  15. Acute shortage Shortage Adequate supply Metropolitan regions with population greater than 1 million

  16. Freshwater Stress

  17. Using Dams and Reservoirs to Supply More Water: The Trade-offs Downstream cropland and estuaries are deprived of nutrient-rich silt Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and displaces people Large losses of water through evaporation Downstream flooding is reduced Reservoir is useful for recreation and fishing Provides water for year-round irrigation of cropland Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower) Migration and spawning of some fish are disrupted

  18. Pueblo Dam, Colorado

  19. Silt filled Reservoir behind a Dam

  20. Wash. N.D. Montana Oregon S.D. Idaho Wyoming Neb. Nevada Colo. Utah Kansas California Oak. N.M. Texas Highly likely conflict potential Substantial conflict potential Moderate conflict potential Unmet rural water needs

  21. Europe North America Asia Africa South America Australia Stress High None

  22. Transferring Water from One Place to Another CALIFORNIA NEVADA UTAH Shasta Lake Sacramento River Sacramento North Bay Aqueduct San Francisco Fresno South Bay Aqueduct Colorado River Los Angeles Aqueduct ARIZONA California Aqueduct Central Arizona Project Los Angeles Phoenix San Diego Colorado River Aqueduct Tucson MEXICO • Watershed transfer • California Water Project • Central Arizona Project • James Bay

  23. CALIFORNIA NEVADA Shasta Lake UTAH Oroville Dam and Reservoir Sacramento River Feather River Lake Tahoe North Bay Aqueduct Sacramento San Francisco Hoover Dam and Reservoir (Lake Mead) Fresno South Bay Aqueduct Colorado River Los Angeles Aqueduct San Luis Dam and Reservoir ARIZONA California Aqueduct Central Arizona Project Santa Barbara Colorado River Aqueduct Los Angeles Phoenix Salton Sea San Diego Tucson MEXICO

  24. CANADA Hudson Bay Chisasibi NEWFOUNDLAND II James Bay I ONTARIO II QUEBEC New York City ATLANTIC OCEAN Chicago UNITED STATES

  25. IDAHO WYOMING Dam Aqueduct or canal Salt Lake City Grand Junction Upper Basin Denver Lower Basin UPPER BASIN UTAH COLORADO Lake Powell Grand Canyon Glen Canyon Dam Las Vegas NEW MEXICO Boulder City ARIZONA CALIFORNIA Albuquerque LOWER BASIN Los Angeles Palm Springs Phoenix 0 100 mi. San Diego Yuma 0 150 km Mexicali Tucson All-American Canal Gulf of California MEXICO

  26. Trade-Offs China’s Three Gorges Dam Advantages Disadvantages Will generate about 10% of China’s electricity Reduces dependence on coal Reduces air pollution Reduces CO2 emissions Reduces chances of downstream flooding for 15 million people Reduces river sitting below dam by eroded soil Increases irrigation water for cropland below dam Floods large areas of cropland and forests Displaces 1.9 million people Increases water pollution because of reduced water flow Reduces deposits of nutrient- rich sediments below dam Increases saltwater Introduced into drinking water near mouth of river because of decreased water flow Disrupts spawning and migration of some fish below dam High cost

  27. Tapping Groundwater • Year-round use • No evaporation losses • Often less expensive • Potential Problems!

  28. Problems with Using Groundwater • Water table lowering • Depletion • Subsidence • Saltwater intrusion • Chemical contamination • Reduced stream flows

  29. Water in the Ground (USGS)

  30. Trade-Offs Withdrawing Groundwater Advantages Disadvantages Aquifer depletion from over- pumping Sinking of land (subsidence) when water removed Polluted aquifers unusable for decades or centuries Saltwater intrusion into drinking water supplies near coastal areas Reduced water flows into streams, lakes, estuaries, and wetlands Increased cost, energy use, and contamination from deeper wells Good source of water for drinking and irrigation Available year-round Exists almost everywhere Renewable if not over- pumped or contaminated No evaporation losses Cheaper to extract than most surface waters

  31. Groundwater Overdrafts: High Moderate Minor or none

  32. Wells

  33. Major irrigation well Well contaminated with saltwater Water table Sea Level Salt water Fresh groundwater aquifer Interface Interface Saltwater Intrusion Normal Interface

  34. Eastern US Aquifers Contaminated with Saltwater (USGS)

  35. Converting Salt Water to Fresh Water and Making it Rain • Distillation desalination • Reverse osmosis desalination • Desalination is very expensive • Cloud seeding

  36. Distillation desalination Reverse osmosis desalination

  37. Using Water More Efficiently • Reduce losses due to leakage • Reform water laws • Improve irrigation efficiency • Improving manufacturing processes • Water efficient landscaping (xeriscaping) • Water efficient appliances

  38. Too Much Water: Floods • Natural phenomena • Aggravated by human activities Reservoir Dam Levee Flood wall Floodplain

  39. Stages of Stream Development

  40. Ansel Adams: Snake River

  41. Flood Plains

  42. Solutions Groundwater Depletion Prevention Control Raise price of water to discourage waste Tax water pumped from Wells near surface water Set and enforce minimum stream flow levels Waste less water Subsidize water conservation Ban new wells in aquifers near surface waters Buy and retire ground- water withdrawal rights in critical areas Do not grow water- intensive crops in dry areas Reduce birth rates

  43. WYOMING SOUTH DAKOTA Less than 61 meters (200 ft) 61-183 meters (200-600 ft) More than 183 meters (600 ft) (as much as 370 meters or 1,200 ft. in places) NEBRASKA KANSAS COLORADO OKLAHOMA NEW MEXICO TEXAS Miles 0 100 0 160 Kilometers

  44. Solutions: Achieving a More Sustainable Water Future • Efficient irrigation • Water-saving technologies • Improving water management

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