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HISTORICAL PERIOD 8 Part 1: AMSCO Ch. 26 THE COLD WAR BEGINS (1945-1952)

HISTORICAL PERIOD 8 Part 1: AMSCO Ch. 26 THE COLD WAR BEGINS (1945-1952). Make sure you can demonstrate knowledge of: GI Bill Baby Boom Post-war suburban housing boom Growth of Sunbelt states Truman domestic politics Truman Cold War Foreign Policy. TRUMAN and the COLD WAR.

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HISTORICAL PERIOD 8 Part 1: AMSCO Ch. 26 THE COLD WAR BEGINS (1945-1952)

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  1. HISTORICAL PERIOD 8Part 1:AMSCO Ch. 26THE COLD WAR BEGINS (1945-1952) Make sure you can demonstrate knowledge of: GI Bill Baby Boom Post-war suburban housing boom Growth of Sunbelt states Truman domestic politics Truman Cold War Foreign Policy

  2. TRUMAN and the COLD WAR POST-WAR POLITICS • Truman tries to continue New Deal • Employment Act of 1946 • Council of Economic Advisors • New Deal ideas stopped by conservative coalition • 1946-1947 economy: high inflation • Civil Rights under Truman • Committee on Civil Rights • Truman ordered end of racial discrimination in fed. Gov., including desegregation of military • Congress goes Republican: 1947

  3. TRUMAN and the COLD WAR POSTWAR POLITICS • Congress goes Republican: 1947 • 22nd Amendment • Taft-Hartley Act (1947): anti-union, outlawed closed shops • Election of 1848: Surprise victory for Truman • The Fair Deal: Truman’s Domestic program • National healthcare insurance (blocked) • Federal aid for education (blocked) • Civil rights legislation (blocked) • Fed. Funds for public housing (blocked) • New farm subsidies (blocked) • Increase in minimum wage 40 to 75 cents an hour (passed) • Add more workers under Soc. Security. (passed)

  4. ORIGINS OF COLD WAR • Why did it start? Truman hero: stop commies • Soviet takes control of Eastern Europe. • Iron Curtain • German occupation zones. Conflicting plans • Eastern sector • Truman’s Containment Policy: Contain communism • The lesson of Munich: Do not Appease. • Contain Soviet aggression

  5. ORIGINS OF COLD WAR • Truman Doctrine: The U.S. will aid any country trying to prevent communist take-over. • Marshall Plan: European Recovery Program ($17 billion) • U.S. $$$ to help Europe recover. Reduce attraction to communism. Strengthen democracy • Soviets were offered but rejected any aid. • Berlin Airlift: In response to Soviets cutting off ground access to West Berlin. June 1948-May 1949. • It worked! • Huge PR success for U.S. • Truman wins 1948 election partly because of it

  6. COLD WAR (Early Years) • NATO created (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) * Soviets create Warsaw Pact in response * This started a major military buildup 8. National Security Act of 1947. * Dept. of Defense replaced Dept. of War. * National Security Council (Cold War foreign policy) * Created the CIA 9. Nuclear Proliferation • From 1945-1949: Only U.S. had the bomb • Soviets get bomb in 1949 • H-Bomb introduced in 1952 (1,000 times more powerful than Hiroshima A-bomb) • NSC-68 Secret Report issue: Huge increase in Cold War $$

  7. COLD WAR In ASIA • Japan: Solely under the control of U.S. • Gen. Douglas MacArthur in charge of Japan. • U.S. occupied and reconstructed Japan between 1945-1951. • New Constitution: Parliament; Emperor gave up divinity claim. • Japan became totally dependent on U.S. military for defense. • U.S.-Japan Security Treaties • Japan surrendered claims to Korea • Occupation ended in 1951 • U.S. troops remain on military bases for protection • Japan prospered and became very strong ally of U.S. • The Philippines • July 4, 1946: the Philippines became independent

  8. COLD WAR In ASIA • China • At end of WWII, civil war started again between • Chinese Nationalists v. Chinese Communists • U.S. policy was hesitant. We tried to aid the Nationalists, but it failed • Truman said no to U.S. military intervention • 1949: China fell to communists • Chaing and his Nationalists escaped to Taiwan • U.S. finally recognized Communist China in 1979!

  9. COLD WAR In ASIA • The Korean War (1950-1952) • After Japan’s defeat, Korea divided along 38th parallel. • By 1949, North in control by Communists Kim Il Sung, South controlled by conservative nationalist. • June 25, 1950: North invades the south. • Truman’s “containment policy” kicks in. • U.N. authorized military action • Congress supported the use of U.S. troops but refused to declare war. Accepted Truman’s description of “police action” • First year: Communist forces dominated • MacArthur in charge: Counterattack; almost to the Chinese border! • Chinese get involved and push U.S. forces down to 38th • Truman v. MacArthur: • MacArthur wanted to invade China. Truman told him to stop criticizing president. • MacArthur kept on speaking out. Truman fired him • Armistice: 54,000 Americans later, an armistice ended the fighting. A “cease fire” has held ever since, but the war never officially over. • Political Consequences: • The Korean War showed that “containment policy” worked • Gave political justification for huge increases in defense spending • Loss of china and the “stalemate” in Korea caused Republicans to accuse Truman and Democrats as being “soft on communism”

  10. The Second Red Scare • A second wave of fear happened after WWII • Under Republican pressure, Truman set up the Loyalty Review Board: (1947-1951) • Investigate background of 3 million fed employees • Thousand resigned or lost job. • Prosecutions under the Smith Act of 1940 • Smith Act (1940): Made it illegal to belong to any organization that advocated the overthrow of the government • U.S. Supreme Court: Dennis v. U.S.: It’s constitutional • McCarran Internal Security Act (1950): • Made it illegal to support establishment of totalitarian government • Restricted employment and travel of Americans joining Communist Front organizations • Authorized creation of detention camps for subversives

  11. The Second Red Scare • HUAC: (Originally created in 1939 to seek out Nazis) • Reactivated after WW II to find communists • Looked for communists in the Boy Scouts and in Hollywood • Many writers, actors, directors were blacklisted because they refused to testify in front of HUAC • Cultural Impact • The Second Red Scare had profound effect on freedom of expression • Example: Musical South Pacific: Communist assault of Southern racial segregation! • Loyalty oaths required from fed. Employees, writers, teachers

  12. The Second Red Scare • Espionage cases: • Hiss Case: HUAC in 1948, led by Richard Nixon, investigated high official of U.S. State Department Alger Hiss. • Hiss convicted of perjury in 1950 and sent to prison • McCarthyism • Joseph McCarthy: U.S. Senator from Wisconsin, Used steady stream of accusations of communists in the State Department to promote himself and attack Truman Admin. • His power and influence was based entirely on fear. He never produced any evidence. • Army-McCarthy Hearings: 1954 • McCarthy exposed has reckless and cruel • He started accusing Generals of being communists! • Senate censured him in 1954.

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