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Logical fallacies often plague arguments, leading to incorrect conclusions stemming from faulty reasoning. This guide explores common fallacies such as Appeal to Tradition, Appeal to Authority, Causation vs. Correlation, False Cause, Composition, Division, and Slippery Slope. Such reasoning flaws can undermine your argument, as seen in debates about school uniforms or women's rights to vote. Recognizing these fallacies is essential in sharpening critical thinking skills and strengthening your argumentation by ensuring that reasoning and evidence support your assertions.
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We make fallacies all the time • An incorrect conclusion that comes from faulty reasoning • Argument is flawed • No reasoning to back up your argument What is a fallacy?
Arguing that we should do something because we have done that thing for a certain way • If anything, elaborate • School uniforms • Maintain healthy community, shared purpose • Women’s right to vote 1. Appeal to Tradition
Saying that because a certain person or organization said so, it is true • Without providing reasoning or evidence • Just because someone says something doesn’t mean it is true • Cannot substitute for reasoning 2. Appeal to Authority
Causation and correlation • That something happened because something else occurred • Sun rises, I get out of bed • Order in time does not imply causality 3. False Cause
When a part of something is true is also true of the whole something • Although it sometimes may be the case, but it’s not necessarily true 4. Composition
Conclusion of an argument depends on falsely extending a characteristic from the whole to its parts • An average American has 2.3 children • Opposite of a Composition Fallacy 5. Division
Making the assumption that one thing will lead to another • No correlation, no reasoning • Be careful not to assume this chain of events 6. Slippery Slope
