1. Chapter 14 Human Remains

2. 206 bones

4. Forensic Anthropology Identifies skeletal Remains where bones are the only evidence

5. Responsibilities Assist in investigation of crimes

6. Examine and analyze human remains

7. Skills used to… Recover individuals from crime scene

8. Reconstruct remains to analyze effects of trauma

9. Identify human remains …when conventional methods cannot be used

10. Give expert testimony

11. Forensic Anthropology Remains human? Single individual or several? When did death occur? Was the body disturbed post-mortem? Gender, race, age? Cause of death? Type of death? Signs of disease, old injuries? Height, weight, physique estimated?

12. Functions of the Skeleton: Internal structure and support Protection of vital organs Attachment for muscles Make blood cells Storage of minerals

13. Types of bones: Long Short Flat Irregular

14. 1. Determining time of death ***Most accurate if body is found within 24 hours of death Algor mortis; cooling of the body after death Body cools at approx. 1-1.5 degrees per hour until environmental temp is reached. Researcher must consider factors such as… Environmental temp. Type of clothing Is clothing wet? (aids cooling) Air movement (aids cooling) Layers of clothing (prevents cooling) Surface area/body mass ratio (small bodies will cool more quickly) Glaister formula gives hours elapsed: 98.4 – internal temp ________________ 1.5

15. B. Livor mortis; purple or red discoloration of the skin after death, caused by pooling of the blood due to gravity. Begins .5 hr after death, most evident within 12 hr. After 12 hr discoloration will not move regardless of how the body is handled or moved. Areas in contact with ground (or anything) show no discoloration because capillaries are compressed. C. Rigor mortis; stiffness in skeletal muscles 2-3 hrs after death, lasting until ~30 hrs. Smaller muscles first. Affected by temp, dehydration, condition of muscles, use prior to death, etc.

16. 2. Animal vs Human Bone Osteology; the study of bones Osteons;

19. In animals, these osteons would occur in rows (osteon banding) or rectagular shapes (plexiform bone). Sheep tibia

20. Human Animal

21. 3. Estimating Height …using long bones. humerus radius femur tibia

22. Since men and women have different proportions of long bone length to total body height, we have a different formula for each sex… Height (cm)= femur x 2.21 + 61.41 femur x 2.23 +69.08 tibia x 2.53 + 72.57 tibia x 2.39 + 81.68 humerus x 3.14 + 64.97 humerus x 2.97 + 73.57 radius x 3.87 + 73.50 radius x 3.65 + 80.40

23. 4. Sex Determination Using the pelvis

26. These three bones fuse together to make the oscoxa, or half of the pelvis.

29. Also, the ventral arc and the width of the pubic body Pg. 418 in text

30. …using the skull

32. Use page 421 to add other features

33. 5. Age Determination Epiphyses; growth plates at the end of long bones that fuse to the bone during early adulthood. (pg 423 of text)

34. Using cranial sutures

36. Sagittal Suture closed: 26 or older 29 or older Sagittal Suture completely open: Younger than 32 Younger than 35

37. Using the os pubis Furrows (youngest) Smooth Breakdown of bone

38. 6. Determining Race Caucasoid; European, Middle Eastern, East Indian descent Negroid; African, Aboriginal, Melanesian descent Mongoloid; Asian, Native American, Polynesian descent

40. History of Forensic Anthropology • End of 19th century • Dr. Thomas Dwight “Father of American (1843-1911) Forensic Anthropology”

41. Dr. Thomas Dwight.. Looked at clues to ID a person from bones

42. Other leading forensic anthropologists • Dr. George Dorsey 1868-1931 LUETGERT CASE National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.

43. Dr. T.D. Stewart Curator from the Smithsonian Institute Helped ID casualties from WWII and the Korean War

44. CILHI Central Identification Laboratory in Hawaii

45. 1. Responsibility • Identify and repatriate American soldiers

46. 2. How remains are analyzed.. Teams travel to field locations

47. Statistical methods are used To differentiate remains from those of the native population

48. The remains are taken to CILHI Where a biological profile is created and compared to a database

49. Multidisciplinary approach TEAM APPROACH

50. Forensic Pathology Determines cause and manner of death by autopsy