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Phylum Chordata

Phylum Chordata. Notochord in embyronic stage Dorsal hollow nerve cord Pharyngeal slits Muscular, post anal tail. Tunicates: Urochordata. most primal form of all vertebrates pharyngeal gill slits Dorsal nerve cord notochord separate mouth and anus. Circulatory System.

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Phylum Chordata

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  1. Phylum Chordata • Notochord in embyronic stage • Dorsal hollow nerve cord • Pharyngeal slits • Muscular, post anal tail

  2. Tunicates: Urochordata • most primal form of all vertebrates • pharyngeal gill slits • Dorsal nerve cord • notochord • separate mouth and anus.

  3. Circulatory System • Ventral Heart  Arteries  Arterioles  Capillaries  Venules  Veins

  4. Fish Heart Amphibian heart

  5. Mammal Heart

  6. What vertebrates do not have bones?

  7. Agnatha Class Myxini Class Cephalaspidomorphi

  8. Ostracoderms

  9. Conodonts – Extinct Date back to 510 mya Cone shaped teeth like structures that were ossified Placoderm - Extinct jawed, armored fish Abundant during Devonian No teeth, but jaws had tusklike projections

  10. Class Chondricthyes

  11. Osteichthyes Class Actinopterygii Class Dipnoi Class Actinistia

  12. Carboniferous  “Age of Amphibians” 3 orders Urodela – salamanders, mudpuppies, newts Anura – frogs, toads Apoda – caecilians Recent evidence places the lungfishes as ancestors 2 hypotheses describe possible evolutionary stragies Pond to pond Food on land Anatomy Tongue  catch food Larynx  calls Vomerine vs maxillary teeth Tympanic membrane Nictating membrane Skin  respiratory, mucous glands 3 chamber heart Ectothermic  temp. drops  torpor External fertilization Amphibia“dual life”

  13. salamander mudpuppy siren

  14. Adaptations? Tough body coverings Claws on toes Well developed lungs Partial division of ventricle Ectothermic Internal fertilization Amniote egg Approx. extant 6,000 sp. Once there were 16 orders, today only 4 Most live in tropics U.S. has 275 sp. Class Reptilia

  15. Classification • Kingdom: Animalia • Phylum: Chordata • Subphylum: Vertebrata • Class: Reptilia • Orders: • Crocodilia • Sphenodontia • Squamata • Testudines

  16. Squamata • Includes reptiles with tough epidermal scales • Snakes and lizards • 5,640 species • 2 venomous lizards • Gila monster (S.W.desert) • Mexican Beaded lizard

  17. Rhynchocephalia • Ex. Tuatara (spiny crest) • Only 2 extant endangered species left • Inhabits 20 small islands off coast of New Zealand • Grows up to 60 cm • Hasn’t changed its form in 225 my “living fossil” • All other close relatives died 60 my ago • Has a 3rd eye on top of head (absorbs U.V. radiation for Vit. D prod.), no penis, no visible ear openings • Lifespan is about 35 years, very slow reproductive cycle http://www.kcc.org.nz/animals/tuatara.asp

  18. Crocodilia • Large reptiles with elongated skulls • Includes alligators and crocodiles • 4 chambered hearts • Valve in back of mouth prevents water from entering air passageway • Haven’t changed much in 248 my.; Survived the Mesozoic Extinction http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/crocs/clickable/

  19. Origin and Evolution of Aves • Archaeopteryx • The link between reptiles and birds

  20. Characteristics of Birds • Feathers

  21. Characteristics of Birds • Bones thin and hollow

  22. Characteristics of Birds • 4 chambered heart Human Heart Bird Heart Bird Heart

  23. Characteristics of Birds • Furculum • Fused collar bone aiding in flight • Keeled sternum

  24. Digestive and Excretory Systems • Crop and Gizzard

  25. Respiratory System • Highly efficient to meet demands of the high metabolic rate

  26. Brain • Large • Good color vision • Good hearing

  27. Reproductive Systems • Female has only one ovary • Males • testes→sperm→vas deferens→cloaca

  28. Viviparous

  29. Mammary glands secrete milk

  30. Highly developed brain

  31. Monotremata Lays eggs • Lays eggs

  32. Marsupialia Pouched mammals

  33. Insectivora • Shrews • No teeth; reduced eyes

  34. Rodentia Front incisors continuously grow

  35. Lagomorpha 2 rows of upper incisors that continually grow

  36. Edentata No teeth insectivore

  37. Chiroptera Flight echolocation

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